Amitav Ghosh's The Glass Palace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Amitav Ghosh's The Glass Palace - Essay Example Amitav Ghosh's "The Glass Palace" starts off in Burma in the year 1885, showing monarchy, at its last gasp at the hands of the British, through a stark contrast between the life of a penniless orphan who would later become rich and the unfortunate royal family with its luxurious graces to be condemned to downfall and destitution. The change of power is sudden, and dramatically affects the lives of those involved: "This is how power is eclipsed: in a moment of vivid realism, between the waning of one fantasy of governance and its replacement by the next, in an instant when the world springs free of its moorings of dreams and reveals itself to be girdled in the pathways of survival and self-preservation."But there is more; the sweeping saga that covers continents and generations in its span is at once a political and social commentary on colonialism, an epic tale of the dehumanizing effects of racism and dispossession. Also remarkably, it is a few family chronicles intertwined as a rom antic narrative of serendipitous meetings and reunions between more than a dozen characters.Rajkumar, the primary protagonist, is an orphan eleven-year-old stuck in Mandalay. An extremely resourceful boy, he is a survivor, a child with no relations who forges some as he goes along in the form of Saya John and his son, Matthew. He witnesses the tragic irony that marks the deposition of the King Thebaw and Queen Supayalat, and the subsequent loot of abode of the most venerated couple in the country at the hands of his simple, worshipful subjects who turn to robbery at the combined behest of desperation and unforeseen opportunity, and it is here he meets the memorable Dolly, the "most beautiful girl he had ever seen". Ghosh's depiction of the court are picturesque, painting a Burma of former glory and his description of the King's exile in its anguish and inevitability is almost lyrical, "He sat in one of the armchairs and watched the ghostly shadows of coconut palms swaying on the room's white plaster walls. In this room the hours would accumulate like grains of sand until they buried him." The story continues with the plight of the royal family in Ratnagiri, India, where Dolly is still taking care of the daughters. The family is under the protection of District Collector Dey, (who is somewhat of a motif for oppression by those who were not British, but served Britain nevertheless, a continuing theme in the novel) whose restless, intelligent and vivacious wife Uma befriends Dolly, to begin a relationship that would last a lifetime. Rajkumar, on the other hand remains with Saya John in Burma, where under his tutelage and support works in the lumber industry, because the British have turned their ravenous eyes on teak by this time, and there is much money to be made. Again here is an underlying theme of Indians and not the colonial Britishers being the direct agency of exploitation, because the Indians profited out of the business that drained Burma, a fact that does not escape the author's scathing notice. Rajkumar, after earning his riches sets off to find Dolly, and with some help from Uma, marries his first love. The rest of the novel spans the generations of connections between Rajkumar, Dolly, Saya John's family, and Uma's family against the backdrop of Burma, India, Malaya, New York and modern Myanmar. From the breed of those that worked within the confines of a British-ruled system, by harvesting teak and rubber using slave labor in order to build a prosperous family dynasty, like Rajkumar and Saya John, we come to a generation of those that are caught up in the dilemma between a British upbringing and education and the conscience that speaks to them of an independent India, like Uma's nephew, Arjun. Once widowed, Uma sets about traveling the world and gains radical views on India's independence. The ties between her and Dolly are further reinforced when her niece Manju marries Dolly's son Neel. Neel's brother, Dinu, meets and falls for Alison, the granddaughter of Saya John, who had taken Rajkumar under

Carol Ann Duffys anthology Mean Time Essay Example for Free

Carol Ann Duffys anthology Mean Time Essay Carol Ann Duffys anthology Mean Time is littered with references to the past. With the title Mean Time in its self referring to time in an ambiguous ways, like Greenwhich mean time, or time associated with angry emotions. The most common interpretation being that the characters represented in many of Mean Times poems as in between two states, past and present. The characters are trapped, escaping, or reminiscing about past times retrospectively from a present time. Much of there past is what is now influencing there present situation or state of mind and Duffy accentuates this factor by being explicit and drawing attention to language that would draw a conclusion to that notion. The Captain of the 1964 Top of the Form Team is a 1960s quiz show between competing teams of school children who, representing their school and in school uniform, would answer general knowledge questions in front of an audience of school children. The individually competitive suggestion of the name of the show individual competition was emphasized in the education system of the 50s and 60s (it would not be unusual for a class to be sat in their rank order according to the last set of exams) and it precedes the change to a comprehensive system. This competitive tone, the sense of a hierarchy, is an important element in the poem. This poem questions the romantic view of the past forming a persona to there present as he characterises his children as his thick kids and his wife as stale. He ambiguously illustrates his past in that he want it back, The Captain. The captain is a symbol of his youth and past in that he wants it back but its so isolated and remote that he cant obtain it and only exists as memories in his mind. The comparison between the first six stanzass representing the past and the last stanza representing the present exhibits a barrier between the two. The constant music references mentioned within the poem to past artists and songs reflects the rich memories that are illustrated to the reader, by appealing to more senses, the eyes and hears. Duffys purpose for inclusion of these songs is not only that they are connected to the time period and create a richer spectacle but they clearly reveal the more desired time period of the character, showing him to feel nostalgia. We see the nostalgia form as he describes his family and current situation in the last stanza previously discussed. Carol Ann Duffys dramatic monologue The Suicide provides an intriguing insight into the forces of the past having an effect on a situation in the present. This poem establishes how the past and present are interconnectivly dependant on each other. This is explained as, without a past of experience and events that shape u as a person there can be no present effects. This notion is also reversed in that without a present the past would never be expressed fully either emotionally or physically with no results or effects seen from past causes. The poem title explicitly provides the reader with exactly what the context of the poem is. The reasons for this is possibly to engage the reader into how is Duffy going to describe the feelings of suicide appealing to our macabre sides of personality. It is commonly thought that language fails to describe many feelings especially that of suicide. The poem analyses the nature of suicidal impulse, by letting a would-be suicide talk to us in the moments before her death. It compares with The Captain of the 1964 Top of the Form Team (The captain), as it is also a dramatic monologue but fails in comparison similarities to that poem. It does refer to the past like The Captain does, however not as explicitly. In The Suicide the reference to the past is, Kisses on a collar. Lies. Blood. The above is a strong reference to a past event of what implicitly seems to be infidelity by the partner. This is followed by short sharp sentences of Lies and Blood. These single emphasised words almost tell a complete story; the history of a relationship, written in lies. Lies that lead to blood (perhaps the blood of the suicide). There is a sense that the whole story is told in these few words. But this whole event can not be ignoring the fact that it was all triggered by a past event that is now influencing if not directly causing the present situation of suicide. The Good Teachers is one of Duffys explicit references to the past but written in present tense which instantly makes the reader form the opinion of reminiscence and living in the past letting past events form the future. We believe to be a male because of the hints to passion for female teachers, as he reveals that you love Miss Pirie. It describes his memories of his life in school as a child but most significantly how he retrospectively looks back and regrets the tom foolery that took place then and how he wasted his time in school. This forms similar themes to End of innocence about regret of the past and wants to escape it. The short sentences in the last stanza can be symbolic of time and how it speedily passed by to leave him where he is now which we never quite find out. Again a barrier is formed between the past and the present by the line But theres the wall you climb. The wall denoting the barrier between past and present and shows how the two are separate. The context before the wall line is about the past, the context of the poem after the wall line is about the present. This structure reinforces the separation of the past and present. Also this show how the past forms a barrier that forms the future and weather or not you accomplish successfully by getting over or around the barrier will have an impact on your life to come. The Captain of the 1964 Top of the Form Team, The Suicide and The Good Teachers all portray the past, but in separate ways. In The Captain the past is seen as a rich rejoicing memory, with dignity and pride at the forefront of it where the past was contrasted to the future to reinforce how commendable the past was. The nostalgia was accentuated by the language and references to his current situation of him having a stale wife and thick kids. The suicide depicts the past consuming the character and a direct cause for her present situation. The language illustrates a dyer situation and forms the opinion that suicide is not chosen, it happens when pain exceeds resources for coping with pain. It fails to by the inadequacy of language and context fully describe the emotion and direct feeling of suicide caused from the past events. It only refers to four words to describe the past, kisses on a collar. This is a classic example of the notion that the past is represented as irretrievable and irreplaceable. Also that not being able to alter the mistakes made in life will undoubtedly form the situation of present and which is suicide in this case but also that those events will characterise you for the future. The Good Teachers forms a view of the past being one of regret and wanting to escape from it. This also, like The Captain and The Suicide, forms a barrier separating the past and present by language and contrasting stanzas.

Abdullah Javad 11w It Coursework Website Analysis :: Computer Science

Abdullah Javad 11w It Coursework Website Analysis - I have to design this website because all the other surgeries have done that so you can book your appointments online and it’s sufficient, easy to use and its cheap then you don’t have to telephone or anything like that. Also most of the people like to use internet more and like to book appointment from there, it will be better for the surgery and the customers also mainly its beneficial for the surgery although also people can find out more about the surgery from the website and the surgery costs and all that so more people will like to come and see because the website will attract them to the surgery. - I will be planning to use Italic and time new roman for my font and style because times new roman is very easy writing to read and italic will make people’s interest in the reading. - I will use the hyperlinks on the homepage on the right side also they will be on the same side of the page always so you can get access to it easily also because it looks more efficient. - I am planning to use toured images in my website of at least two different animals. Though I might probably use the images from the Rachel’s disk because they wouldn’t be distort and it will be easier so you don’t have to look for images from the Internet although it will also take less time. - I will design 4 pages altogether the Home Page, the Treatment Costs Page, the Dog Training Courses page and the Animal Of The Month page. Rachel’s website needs a home and three other pages .The Home page links to the other three pages and these all link back to the Home page. Each page will need a heading to explain what is on the page .I must use Treatment Costs, Dog Training Courses and Animal Of The Month. I must remember to include text hyperlinks and picture hyperlinks as well and I must test that they all work. The surgery name, address and phone number go on the home page with

Canterbury Tales The Woman of Bath Essay -- essays papers

Canterbury Tales The Woman of Bath The Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer, is a collection of stories in a frame story, between 1387 and 1400. It is the story of a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims to Canterbury to visit the shrine of Thomas Beckett. The pilgrims, who come from all classes of society, tell stories to each other to kill time while they travel to Canterbury. In the Prologue, it states Chaucer intended that each pilgrim should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two tales on the way back. He died before he had a chance to finish his project; however, he did manage to complete twenty-four of the tales including the one supposedly told by the Woman of Bath. The rather promiscuous Woman of Bath told an interesting story which was in keeping with her unique personality. The lewd Woman of Bath was a very intricate cloth-maker who led a very interesting life. She was a member of the urban society and was very successful in her endeavors. She was considered attractive, she had big hips, long hair, gapped teeth, and she was somewhat deaf. She wore tight clothes, a red scarf on her head, red fishnet stockings, and soft new shoes. All of these things, along with the fact that she was very well traveled indicated that she was rather wealthy. The Woman of Bath had five husbands and many more love affairs. Chaucer states that she knows how to remedy love’s problems, an art at which she knew the oldest dances. The Woman of Bath was quit...

Geography- Development

GNI stands for Gross National Income, therefore it basically finds the average of all the income the List the shortcomings of GNI per capita as an indicator of development. If a country has a GNI, that doesn't mean that everyone in that country is rich or living a good life. Because GNI is an average, there will always be people below the average and way above it too. Therefore GNI cannot tell us whether there are poor people or even if there is equality in the country, there might be more poor people than rich people but the money the rich people are making is very superior that it makes the average pretty high.Explain the concepts of underlying PPP. PPP stands for Purchasing Power Parity and it is defined by a number of units of a ountrys currency needed to buy the same amounts of goods and services in a country as $1JS1 would buy in the United States. PPP examines a wide range of goods and services, including food, transport, clothing and housing. It provides a measure of what peo ple can actually afford regardless of the local value and exchange rate of their currency.Explain why the three variables used to calculate the PQLI were chosen. The three variables: literacy, life expectancy and infant mortality were used to calculate the PQLI because they are three indicators of quality of life that were thought to be particularly important. Literacy rates are linked to the level of education the population is receiving, life expectancy is linked to how well the health of the population is and how advanced the doctors are and infant mortality shows how advanced the healthcare is.How does the HDI differ from the PQLI? HDI (Human Development Index) uses three measures to generate index and two of the three measures are the same: literacy and life expectancy. However, rather than using infant mortality, the HDI uses GDP per capita on a PPP basis. This was done to balance the social measures of development with an economics measure, as control f personal resources and wealth was seen as an important aspect of people's quality of life. 5. What is your preferred indicator of development?My preferred indicator of development is Literacy rate because that tell us whether the population is educated or not, if it is then most of then could get a decent Job, therefore they can have a decent life with resources at their reach. Some people could have really good Jobs because they were given the chance to learn and get an education. When there is a high literacy rate in a country, one can tell that the healthcare will be advanced because the education is good. Therefore there will be low death rates and high life expectancy. 2/11/2013 Why people who live in rural area susceptible to food insecurity: they depend on agriculture for food, they have limited alternative sources of income or employment (for example: floods and droughts) and they are vulnerable to crisis, prone to natural diseases, depend on farming, The key issues regarding Child and Female hun ger: one child is dying every 5 seconds of hunger, child hunger is inherited, they lose their curiosity, motivation and even the will to play, many leave school prematurely, stops physical and mental growth.Women are the primary food producers but they are more affected by hunger and poverty than men, 7 out of 10 of the world's hungry are women and girls, their hunger is the reason why we have a low birth-weight child. 2. Read: the origin of disparities, living conditions and land ownership p. 33 Poverty remains in the world despite economic growth in many regions, the world is more unequal than it was a decade ago. NICs (Newly Industrialising Countries) such as South Korea and Taiwan have a quite high level of GNP per capita.

Digestive System Essay

Digestive System Essay Digestive System Essay Food consists of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates which when eaten provide the body with proper nutrients. Once the food is swallowed and reaches the stomach the process of digestion takes place (Digestion and absorption 2013, pp.1). When food is in the stomach it mixes with gastric juices and creates churning movements by the muscular wall and turns the food in to chyme (Digestion and absorption 2013, pp.1). The enzyme pepsin is the proteolytic enzyme of the stomach which turns the proteins in to peptides (Digestion and absorption 2013, pp.1). Proteins and peptides from the chyme will reach the duodenum of the small intestines by enzymes from the pancreatic juices and also by enzymes from the succus entericus, which now ends the digestion process of proteins (Digestion and absorption 2013, pp.1). The remaining proteins and other various products will enter the jejunum and ileum that is located in the small intestines (Digestion and absorption 2013, pp.1). Proteins will then be brok en down in to amino acids. When amino acids are not needed they can be stored as fat used for energy or completely eliminated from the body through the urine (Digestion and absorption 2013, pp.1). Hormone regulation is the role of the hormones involving the digestive tract. The three main hormones are CCK, gastrin and secretin (NIH, 2008, pp.1). These hormones are released in to the blood stream surrounding the digestive tract to then circulate through the heart and back to the digestive area in which they are then able to stimulate the digestive juices resulting in movement of

How to Solve Algebra Problems Step-By-Step

How to Solve Algebra Problems Step-By-Step Solving Algebra word problems is useful in helping you to solve earthly problems.  Ã‚  While the 5 steps of Algebra problem solving are listed below, this article will focus on the first step, Identify the problem. Use the Following Steps to Solve Word Problems: Identify the problem.Identify what you know.Make a plan.Carryout the plan.Verify that the answer makes sense. Identify the Problem Back away from the calculator; use your brain first.  Your mind analyzes, plans, and guides  in the labyrinthine quest for the solution. Think of the calculator  as merely a tool that makes the journey easier.  After all, you wouldn’t want a surgeon to crack your ribs and perform a heart transplant without first identifying the source of your chest pains. The steps of identifying the problem are: Express the problem question or statement.Identify the unit of the final answer. Step 1:  Express the Problem Question or Statement In Algebra word problems, the problem is expressed as either a question or a statement. Question: How many trees will John have to plant?How many televisions will Sara have to sell to earn $50,000? Statement: Find the number of trees John will have to plant.Solve for the number of televisions Sara will have to sell to earn $50,000. Step 2: Identify the Unit of the Final Answer What will the answer look like? Now that you understand the word problem’s purpose, determine the answer’s unit. For example, will the answer be in miles, feet, ounces, pesos, dollars, the number of trees, or a number of televisions? Example 1: Algebra Word Problem Javier is making brownies to serve at the family picnic.  If the recipe calls for 2  ½ cups of cocoa to serve 4 people, how many cups will he need if 60 people attend the picnic? Identify the problem:  How many cups will Javier need if 60 people attend the picnic?Identify the unit of the final answer: Cups Example 2: Algebra Word Problem In the market for computer batteries, the intersection of the supply and demand functions determines the price, p dollars, and the quantity, q, of goods sold.Supply function: 80q - p 0Demand function:  4q p 300Determine the price and quantity of computer batteries sold when these functions intersect. Identify the problem:  How much will the batteries cost and how much will be sold when supply and demand functions meet? Identify the unit of the final answer: The quantity, or q, will be given in batteries. The price, or p, will be given in dollars. Here are some free algebra worksheets for practice.

The Complete Anatomy of a Fish

The Complete Anatomy of a Fish Fish come in many shapes, colors and sizes. There are thought to be over 20,000 species of marine fish. But all bony fish (fish that have a bony skeleton, as opposed to sharks and rays, whose skeleton is made of cartilage) have the same basic body plan.   In general, fish have the same  vertebrate body as all vertebrates. This includes a notochord, head, tail, and rudimentary vertebrae. Most often, the fish body is fusiform, so it is fast-moving, but it can also be known as filiform (or eel-shaped) and vermiform (or worm-shaped). Fish are either depressed and flat or compressed to be laterally thin. Fish Anatomy Explained Fins: Fish have several types of fins, and they may have stiff rays in them to keep them upright. Here are the types of fish fins and where they are located: Dorsal fin: This fin is on the fishs back.Anal fin: This fin is located near the tail, on the underside of the fish.Pectoral fins: This fin is on each side of the fish, near its head.Pelvic fins: This fin is found on each side of the fish, on the underside near its head.Caudal fin: This is the tail. Depending on where they are located, a fishs fins may be used for stability and hydrodynamics (e.g., the dorsal fin and anal fin), propulsion (e.g., caudal fin), or steering with occasional propulsion (e.g., the pectoral fins). Gills:  Fish have gills for breathing. This involves inhaling water through its mouth and then closing the mouth, forcing water over the gills where hemoglobin in the blood circulating in the gills absorbs dissolved oxygen in the water. The gills have a gill cover, or operculum, through which the water flows out. Scales:  Most fish have scales covered with a slimy mucus that helps protect them. There are different scale types: Ctenoid scales have a rough, comb-like edgeCycloid scales, which have a smooth edgeGanoid scales are thick and made of bone covered with an enamel-like substancePlacoid scales, which are like modified teeth and give the skin of elasmobranchs a rough feel. Lateral Line System:  Some fish have a lateral line system, which is a series of sensory cells that detect water currents and depth changes. In some fish, this lateral line is visible as a line that runs from behind the fishs gills to its tail. Swim Bladder:  Many fish have a swim bladder, which is used for buoyancy. The swim bladder is a sac filled with gas that is located inside the fish. The fish can inflate or deflate the swim bladder so that it is neutrally buoyant in the water, allowing it to be at the optimal water depth.

Price Ceiling and Price Floor Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Price Ceiling and Price Floor - Research Paper Example Defined in the simplest of terms, price controls can be defined as the definition of a certain maximum or minimum level of the prices by the Government at which a good will be available in the market. The two most basic level of price control mechanisms undertaken by the Government are Price Ceiling and Price Floor. The Price Ceiling is the maximum price at which a good can be sold in the market whereas Price Floor is the minimum price at which the good will be sold in the market. While price Ceiling is generally meant to save consumer interest, the price floor is intended towards saving the interest of the supplier. Price Ceilings can be categorized into two types: Binding Price ceilings are the one which is at a level lower than the equilibrium price and hence has a significant impact on the market equilibrium. Non-binding price ceilings are set at a level higher than the equilibrium level. Examples of price ceiling include setting up rent control in New York, while the setting of minimum wages is an example of a price floor. Price floors are often imposed during crises like wars, droughts or natural disasters. Price floors are generally set for agricultural products to save the interest of the farmers. Indonesia, where more than 20% of the population is below the poverty line, Government takes active participation in controlling the prices. In order to curb inflation, the Government of Indonesia has time and again imposed control on the price of rising. The price control is also aimed at helping farmers. Prior to this, the Government had imposed price controls on cement because of the strategic nature of the industry. The Government set a maximum retail price at which cement could be sold and allocated production and distribution quotas amongst all the players.  

What do you consider to be the key differences between orthodox and Essay

What do you consider to be the key differences between orthodox and new approaches to International Political Economy Illustrate your answer with particula - Essay Example Thus, it has become interdisciplinary studies of economics, law and political science, which help in grasping the inter-relation of political institutions and capitalism – how they affect each other in the political environment. The new range of approaches to ‘International political economy’ (IPE) refers to international trade and finance and government’s monetary and fiscal policies that decide which way the international business of a state proceeds. These approaches to IPE are linked with the journal The Review of International Political Economy (RIPE), edited by British and American scholars.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy) ) Ronen Palan in his book, Global Politician Economy: Contemporary theories, has summarized the IPE in the preface of the book - â€Å"†¦. The emphasis on negotiation, contestation and historical narrative underlines the open-endedness of contemporary processes in the Global Political Economy†. http://www.mammadli.az/political_economy.htm The name of Robert Gilpin, the dean of American students of international political economy stands high in the field because of the new approach to IPE, which is due to the focus he has given to essential economic, political and technological forces changing the world. His Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Political Order is a masterpiece of scholarly research done on the different approaches to comprehend international economic relations. The book also takes into consideration the problems the new economy faces. Gilpin has taken into consideration the new emerging economic and political forces; how the new technology, computing and regionalism are changing the face of world economy after the end of cold war. He has laid emphasis in particular to globalisation of the economy, actual and underlying meaning of economic affairs and the level of its importance, nature and how far goes the role of economic affairs and

Report ( Trade to Flobal Security ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Report ( Trade to Flobal Security ) - Essay Example This is to establish that economic growth and human development are inseparable from rule of good governance and law (UNDP Human Development Report, 1996). It is against this background that the ECOWAS Commission has a keen interest in the political situation in member States. As the President of the ECOWAS Commission, I was mandated by the Commission to lead a mediation team to the Republic of Cote d’Ivoire for talks for a possible step-down by the incumbent president, Laurent Gbagbo following his lost in the November 28, 2010 General Elections held in that country. This reason presents details of the said mediation effort; outlining the program structure adopted, key aims and objectives of the program, successes as well as challenges faced. Means and Schedule adopted for the Mediation Effort As this is the very first step taken by the ECOWAS Commission towards the looming political crisis in the Ivory Coast, the team resolved to use â€Å"tactical diplomacy with a carrot-an d-stick dimension, though† (Kabs-Kanu, 2010) nothing else than Peace Talks. This approach is backed by other global bodies such as The United States Africa Command (AFRICOM) who has so far said that it is still too early to apply any military force (Graphic Ghana, 2011). For this reason, the mediation team planned four major meeting which were held in the Ivory Coast. Two meetings each were held on each side of the agitators: that Mr. Lauran Gbagbo and Mr. Alassane Ouattara. On each side, the team meet the main leaders who are Mr. Gbagbo and Ouattara and leaders of their forces. It was a four-day schedule to allow for comprehensive discussions with each group met. The meetings which started two days after the ECOWAS Summit in Abuja was led by the President of the ECOWAS Commission and five other members of the Commission who the Heads of State of Gambia, Liberia, Gabon, Burkina Faso and Ghana. The meetings, which were held behind closed doors and amidst tight security saw all four groups welcome us warmly and presenting their cases in passionate manners. Key aims and objectives involved in the peace mission The Mediation Team set out with one primary aim, which was to convince Mr. Gbagbo to humbly step-down following that â€Å"ECOWAS, the African Union and the United Nations all recognize results showing Ouattara as the winner of that election† (Voice of America, 2011). To achieve this broad aim, the following objectives were set to lead to the eventual achievement of the aim: 1. Listen to the story from both sides: Talking caution from analysts who â€Å"say the West African nation is on the verge of crisis after both candidates claimed victory and were installed in separate events† (VOA News, 2010), the Commission would continue to be very professional in its mediation effort to ensure that tempers are boiled. To ensure this, the team resolved to give both parties a fair hearing to show that the Commission is not biased though it holds i ts stand that Mr. Gbagbo lost the election. 2. Explain to both sides the need for peace: Central on the team’s discussions was the need for the two leaders and their followers to appreciate the fact that they cannot compromise the peace of the Coat d’Ivoire since peace is needed to for national development. 3. State the stand of the ECOWAS Commission to both sides: As mentioned earlier, the team was clear with the

Educational Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Educational Communication - Essay Example Susan realizes there is more to life and makes the decision to pursue an education regardless of the fact that her family disapproves of it. The film gives an account of Susan’s story and progress as an adult learner from an inexperienced person with reverence for great learning of the university types, to a higher appreciation of herself as well as the role played by education. Nonetheless, the film went further to exemplify numerous theories concerning adult education as well as learning while simultaneously depicts the continuing struggles that are faced by adult educators together with their learners. At some point in the film, Susan is depicted watching a television show for one of the course she takes. In 1983, this was the only realistic manner of running a massive open course because there was no internet as well as wide-spread use of videotapes. She then goes to see Frank as he is her tutor and this is a reflection of the manner in which the universities are run in Britain. However, the Open University targets the working adults with tutorial hours being held in the evenings. The Open University that was started in 1969 by the Labor Party waives the traditional entrance prerequisites for the adult learners. Open Learning continues to grow strong with more than a quarter a million students all over the globe and it has been recognized in the United States. This form of learning employs a blend of methods in its delivery of courses that include research, gradate as well as undergraduate divisions. There are various reasons and topologies that explain why adults take part in formal adult education initiatives. The first topology which is liberal is different from the vocational or careers programs, self-improvement, civic engagements as well as emancipator purposes. In this set-up, liberal denotes arts curriculum, awareness of literature, sciences arts as well as history that makes people human. The reasons

Carbon monoxide emissions from automobile related to the greenhouse Essay

Carbon monoxide emissions from automobile related to the greenhouse effect and how it negatively affects the US economy - Essay Example This discussion will examine the role automobile emissions play in global warming, briefly explain the phenomenon, its effects on the environment and the economic consequences to the U.S. The rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere are becoming increasingly disconcerting. Worldwide, â€Å"carbon dioxide emissions are increasing by four percent a year† (Miller, 1990: 450). Eighty percent of the world’s population accounts for just 35 percent of CO2 emissions while the United States is responsible for generating nearly half. Automobiles are the main cause of air pollution with toxins emitted from stacks at coal-burning electric power plants running a close second (Breuer, 1980: 70). In addition to CO2 emissions, vehicles emit carbon monoxides (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), all of which contribute to global warming (Energy Information Administration, 2004). As the balance between the CO2 levels in the ocean and atmosphere is disturbed by interjecting increasing amounts of CO2, the oceans continually absorb higher concentrations than it does naturally. The subsequent warming ocean waters are less effective in their ability to absorb CO2. At increased temperatures, the atmospheric water vapor and resulting precipitation will be proportionately higher. (Schroeder, 2007) The more rapid water recycling rate due to the greenhouse effect will result in heavier rainfall amounts and the number of extreme rainfall events. Higher rainfall rates will cause increased tropical storm intensity in addition to the warmer temperatures. Hurricanes may be even more frequent and intense than presently predicted. Scientists universally forecast that global warming will melt glaciers causing a rise of sea-levels which will hasten erosion resulting in the loss of vast areas of land. The change will bring about elevated storm

Educational Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Educational Communication - Essay Example Susan realizes there is more to life and makes the decision to pursue an education regardless of the fact that her family disapproves of it. The film gives an account of Susan’s story and progress as an adult learner from an inexperienced person with reverence for great learning of the university types, to a higher appreciation of herself as well as the role played by education. Nonetheless, the film went further to exemplify numerous theories concerning adult education as well as learning while simultaneously depicts the continuing struggles that are faced by adult educators together with their learners. At some point in the film, Susan is depicted watching a television show for one of the course she takes. In 1983, this was the only realistic manner of running a massive open course because there was no internet as well as wide-spread use of videotapes. She then goes to see Frank as he is her tutor and this is a reflection of the manner in which the universities are run in Britain. However, the Open University targets the working adults with tutorial hours being held in the evenings. The Open University that was started in 1969 by the Labor Party waives the traditional entrance prerequisites for the adult learners. Open Learning continues to grow strong with more than a quarter a million students all over the globe and it has been recognized in the United States. This form of learning employs a blend of methods in its delivery of courses that include research, gradate as well as undergraduate divisions. There are various reasons and topologies that explain why adults take part in formal adult education initiatives. The first topology which is liberal is different from the vocational or careers programs, self-improvement, civic engagements as well as emancipator purposes. In this set-up, liberal denotes arts curriculum, awareness of literature, sciences arts as well as history that makes people human. The reasons

The Nazis regarded the war against the Soviet Union as a 'war of Essay

The Nazis regarded the war against the Soviet Union as a 'war of extermination' (Vernichtungskrieg). What does it mean - Essay Example In  the  spring  of  1941, as preparations were under way for the invasion of the USSR, Hitler proclaimed that a war of destruction was about to start. He called for the annihilation of the Bolshevik leadership, thus laying the foundation for the extermination of what Hitler considered to be the biological source of Bolshevism: the Jews of the USSR. The application of Nazi ideas and ideology depended on two types of force, one of these took the form of indoctrination and propaganda, the other was based on terror. The initial phase of success on eastern front gave Wehrmacht, the opportunity to implement their policy of extermination (Lee 30). This resulted in the worst genocide of history, in which millions of people were killed brutally by using gassing techniques and starving them to death. Thus, the Nazis considered their war against Soviet Union as war of extermination and application of their policies of persecution. Nazis Ideology A profound understanding of Nazis ideolo gy is essential in order to understand the true spirit of Nazis war of extermination. The official name of Hitler’s movement throughout the period 1920 to 1945 was the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. ... Hence, Jews were to be excluded from German nationhood; all non-German immigration must be prevented (Lee 12) There were Nazis who emphasized the socialist element of their ideology, but these did not include Hitler. Instead, Hitler focused more and more on racial rather than economic explanations for major historical trends. He argued in his 1925 book Mein Kampf (My Struggle) that ‘The adulteration of the blood and racial deterioration conditioned thereby are the only causes that account for the decline of ancient civilizations; for it is never by war that nations are ruined, but by the loss of their powers of resistance, which are exclusively a characteristic of pure racial blood’ Lee 13) Hitler has unique importance as the creator of the Nazis programme and ideology; most of his ideas are contained in Mein Kampf and the Zweites Buch (Second Book).(p14) A vital component of Nazism was the ‘Fuehrer principle’ (Fuhrerprinzip). It is true that the cult of lea dership is to be found in all fascist movements, but it was of particular importance in the Nazi context since Hitler’s ideas were crucial in defining the nature of Nazi eclecticism. Above all, Hitler provided Nazism with a unique vision of racial purity and anti-Semitism (Lee 14). Adolf Hitler  had argued in his autobiography  Mein Kampf  for the necessity of Lebensraum, acquiring new territory for German settlement in Eastern Europe. He envisaged settling Germans there as a master race, while exterminating or deporting most of the inhabitants to  Siberia  and using the remainder as  slave labor. The linking of anti-Semitic accusations to race struggle is what made Nazism so genocidal. The Nazis believed the Jews were responsible for what they

Vulnerable Population Essay Example for Free

Vulnerable Population Essay Children are one population group of the society that is vulnerable. The U. S. A agencies for Development, most vulnerable children are those who get inadequate support from adults due to abandonment, chronic illness i. e. those who have AIDS or those that are suspected to have it. Other causes of vulnerability emanate from the destruction of social systems that used to protect children in the community. Such destruction comes around due to conflicts, violence, and living outside family care. These bad conditions expose children to serious survival risk. The UNAIDS projects that by 2010 there will be 20-25 million AIDS orphans. Orphans are confronted by a large number of challenges. They don’t easily have access to funds for food, clothing, basic healthcare, or school fees. The desperation that comes out of this scenario makes the children more vulnerable to exploitation and abuse that ends up making them contract the disease. According to the 2006 act: safeguarding vulnerable groups, chapter 47. subsection 21; controlled activity relating to children; schedule 3 parts 1 sub paragraph 4 in reference to offence committed against children it states culpable conduct is that which puts or is likely to put the child in danger, conduct involving material on sex, graphical material conduct. In part 2 of the same subsection a person endangers a child in cases where; they harm the child, put the child into risk, attempts to harm or incites someone else to harm the child. ( Act, 2006) According demographics of there are groups in the category of children that are more vulnerable than others. Orphans are the most vulnerable section among the vulnerable children. Others are the children who come from poor families, children from minority ethnicities, or children with disabilities among others. In a study done on Hester-sway area of local community, in a population of 11,730 it was identified that high risk group areas for children constitute twenty percent of the population. Speakers addressing the congress on the world aids day cited orphaned children and children suffering from the deadly AIDS disease as the most vulnerable group. Children who lack parental care consequently lack a source of primary care. Under this category we have orphans, refugees, detainees, abducted children, children under care of caregivers, and children in prolonged stay at the hospital, or detained seekers of asylum who happen to be children. (Cox, The child is first exposed to risk when there occurs a separation of the family unit. Placement of children to institutions such as care institutions that may follow is not good for the well being of the child. It is known that children who lack protection and guidance of their parents or guardians are more predisposed to becoming victims of violence, discrimination, trafficking, exploitation etc. Children who get orphaned in conflict situations such as war face malnutrition, physical and psychological trauma, illness, and suffer faulty development emotionally. Unprotected girls run the risk of being sexually abused, while boys in similar situation are prone to forced participation in armed conflict and violence The numbers of children facing orphanage situations are many across states. Central and eastern Europe has 1. 5 million children living in public care. In Russia, despite a fall in birth rates over the last ten years, numbers of children left without parental care continue to soar. Worldwide armed conflict separated or orphaned a million children. Of all refugees five percent are unaccompanied children, and finally the estimated number of total orphans in the in the world is 143 million. (Unicef, 2008) Putting the children into institutions is often a move that is meant to keep them out of the society. This is caused by certain biases members of the society harbor for the vulnerable and disadvantaged groups such as orphans, children suffering from AIDS, and children with disabilities among the others. Institutionalized, in this sense, amounts to deprivation of the right of the persons to freely associate with other members of the society. The conditions in the institutions of essentially violate the children’s. In the institutions there is rampant discrimination, neglect, denial of the right to education and participation among other abuses. Being victims of blatant discrimination, vulnerable children under five years of age carry the bulk of disease and mortality rates for the world’s population. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) this is caused by lack of health support services which leaves the children in risk of contracting infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS. In Eastern Europe the stigma surrounds HIV causes many cases of abandonment of children by their HIV positive mothers. ( Unicef, 2004) The children end up neglected, either on the streets or in an institution. And following the sense of lack of support from the society the children end up being dehumanized, others become social misfits due to substance abuse and their condition generally worsens. According to research it has been established that the risk of orphan hood or suffering from the dreaded HIV is not reserves of a few but all people can suffer from it. This is due to the escalation of violence and the unpredictability of contracting aids. Similar risks exist in the categories of disability, and poverty, that threatens everyone in the modern times. In a new vision then, vulnerable children should be seen as children who face increased risk of negative outcome compared to average children in the society. If the society doesn’t change the stereotyping it has condoned on the vulnerable groups the same may soon or later affect them the same way. Appropriate interventions that can help the orphaned and vulnerable children should be structured alongside the specific needs of the children. This should be done with the children’s circumstances, gender age etc. There should be improvement of nutritional status for the children from poor backgrounds, and proper integration that is tailored to restore the mental health of the children. In any case the vulnerable children are only disadvantaged by discrimination the society has for them. Their situations are not a cause for failure and if they are given fair chances in the society they can perform even better out of sheer resilience. (Molenaar, 2002) Doctors Of the World (DOW) work among vulnerable groups. In an analysis of their target groups they concluded that children are the most vulnerable group. For the organization violation of the Childs healthy development amounts to violation of their rights. The society emphasizes and works towards protection of basic rights of children i. e. those orphaned, disabled, institutionalized, and those on the street. With a perspective like that of the DOW we see that the vulnerability risks of the child are enormous, but can be surmounted. Through an approach such as theirs, that are principally done with the cooperation of the governments and civil societies, people can build capacities for and develop children welfare, and substantially reduce the risks that make children vulnerable all over the world. Juvenile crime has sent many young people to juvenile detention in America today. Most of the young detainees are held on nonviolent cases such as mental health, failed families. Instead of addressing the young persons need for treatment, they are locked up that can only keep them, not help them positively. (Liss, 2005) References Cox, T. (2000), Combating Educational Disadvantage: Meeting the Needs of Vulnerable Children, Routledge. Liss, S (2005) No Place for Children: Voices from Juvenile Detention University of Texas Press. Molenaar M.(2002) Assessing and Promoting Resilience in Vulnerable Children: A Handbook on Social Work and Student Counseling, Kingsley Publishers Child protection from violence, exploitation and abuse, Unite for Children press centre http://www. unicef. org retrieved November 20, 2008 Children on the Brink (2004). A Joint Report of New Orphan Estimates and a Framework for Action. UNICEF/UNAIDS/USAID http://www. cheltenhampartnership. org. uk/libraries/documents/neighbourhood%20policing/hestersway profile . pdf. Retrieved; November 20, 2008.

The Importance of Audit Independence

The Importance of Audit Independence 1. Introduction As the development of the modern business, audit is playing a more and more important role to insure the trueness of the financial report and help report users to make proper decisions. Consequently, it is very important for auditors to remain independence in body and mind when conducting an audit based on a public limited company. To expound this topic clearly, the essay is divided into the following parts: Firstly, it makes a literature review of audit independence and concluded the viewpoint into four categories; secondly, it introduces the definition of audit independence in body and mind and stated the important of both of them separately; Finally, it analyzes why it is important to remain audit independence from many angles such as shareholders, creditors, government, operators and other stakeholders. 2. Literature review When it comes to the audit independence, many scholars have conducted systematic research in this topic. Some scholars pointed out that auditor has two kinds of independence- body and mind, lack of the former one may shake the publics confidence on independence and lead to interest conflicts, and lack of the latter one means auditors lose their professional ethics and this is very dangerous (Carmichael Swieringa, 1968). Salehi have emphasized that the cornerstone for the auditing profession is audit independence. The auditors opinion is suspect without independence and the third parties think that there is no need for external auditors without independence (Salehi, 2009). Due to highly publicized audit failures, the topic of auditor independence has gained increasing attention from academics, regulators, and practitioners around the world in recent years (Hope Langli, 2008). Under the background of many high profile companies fraud cases exposure such as Enron, Adelphia, WorldCom, the importance of audit independence to improve corporate governance is getting more and more attention (Rezaee. 2003). As the no-audit services has become a more and more important lucrative business for CFA firms, audit independence is somewhat influenced, which make it even more crucial to maintain audit independence for auditors (Gul, Tsui Dhaliwal, 2006). Besides, Bou-Raad G. emphasized the significance of audit importance from the value -added prospect. Internal auditors are not just a traditional audit for supervision but also a valuable access to assisting managers to execute the objectives of the organization. In other words, corporate management benefits from audit quality (Bou-Raad. 2000). From the literature above, the importance of audit independence can be categorized into four reasons: Firstly, audit independence can hold the public confidence and avoid interest conflicts; Secondly, audit independence can help auditors to provide high quality financial report and avoid scandals like Enron bomb; Thirdly, the development of no-audit services make it more difficult but more important to maintain audit independence; Lastly, audit independence can improve the quality of audit and it can assist managers to make strategy formulations. 3. The introduction of audit independence in body and mind When it comes to remaining independence in body, it can be also called physical independence, external independence or surface independence. Auditors should take the role of independence auditors on front of the third parties. And it is the direct evidence for the public judging the independence of auditors. Once report users think that auditors have some current or potential relationship that damages the independence with the consigner such as employment, business partner, family or relatives and so on, it will definitely decrease the audit function as they probably do not depend on those reports so much (Law, 2010). Auditors should have no specific relationships with entity, and they mustnt hold equity stakes of the entity and should not be on the senior position of it. In order to avoid misunderstanding and enhance the trust, auditor must avoid or diminish this threat to a level which is acceptable. Independence in mind is hard to improve and the public can only infer the independ ence of auditors from the body like relationships with the entity and other stakeholders. Actually, even if auditors maintain independence in mind, as long as the public think they take sides with the entity or any other parties, no matter how precise the audit result is it is useless. As for remaining independence in mind, it demands that there is no stake between auditor and the consigner intrinsically. In the whole auditing process, auditor should keep an unbiased attitude that makes a professional decision and never succumbs to any external pressure. It comes up with higher requirement for auditors mindset. They are required to be neutral, objective and fact-based. Actually, those two concepts are different but integrative. They reflect both external and internal sides. Only remaining independence in body and mind can make sure the auditing result persuasive. Also, the function and value of conducting audit can be realized. 4. The importance of remaining audit independence Stakeholders make economy decisions by taking advantage of reports. Whether those reports are related and reliable are questions. Audit can help to solve this problem. However, auditor fails to fulfill the duty if they cannot remain independence in the conducting process. On one hand, report users will doubt this kind of dependence if they thought auditor and consigner belong to the same party. On the other hand, when auditor cannot keep an unbiased mindset, the auditing opinion probably gets wrong. For example, auditor fails to find out the information is cooked and issues unqualified opinion. This result is easy to mislead related report users for decision making. They may bear loss because of depending on this audit opinion. As the situation varies from Stakeholder to Stakeholder, the following analysis in the importance to remain independence in body and mind is based on different Stakeholders. 4.1 The importance of audit independence for the shareholders Shareholders are the direct beneficiary of companies and they will get more bonuses if the companies operate successfully. Consequently, shareholders have high demand for audit independence. Actually, when the company is in poor operation, controlling shareholders are not willing to public the truth, and then hurt the interest of minority shareholders. Controlling shareholders dont have the incentive to employ high independence auditors, and this phenomenon is called Entrenchment Effect (Fan Wong, 2002). As the shareholders right separates from the management right, owners do not involve into the daily management to the company. They employ staff to operate their company and enjoy the profits. Usually, shareholders care much about the profitability, efficiency, going concern, and solvency and so on. Those indexes reflect how well manager operates the company. Also, shareholders can assess managers performance according to the information. Generally speaking, they obtain the information from the reports prepared by managers. However, the report may involve fraudulence because it is manager who makes those reports. It has the possibility that managers cook the report so as to cover up their mistakes, bad performance and other situation where they fail to fulfill their responsibility. At this time, auditors work helps answer the question that how much report users can depend on the report information. But if auditor is unable to keep independence, it probably arouses the doubt to audit opinion from report users. Obviously, audit loses the value under this condition. Without unbiased and objective audit opinion, report users are unable to acquire useful information to know the companys condition and assess managers performance. Once shareholders lose control to the company, this business mechanism will definitely go disorder as managers probably make their own benefits by taking advantage of shareholders resource and power and regardless of the limitation from regulation and law (Agbejule, 2009). In the end, the company probably goes to liquidation or bankruptcy. 4.2 The importance of audit independence for creditor Nowadays, debtor-creditor relationshipÂÂ  is very common and necessary. Debtors want to loan in order to expend production or develop new market, and creditors want to obtain interest using their spare money. And what the creditors concern most is the debtors ability to pay for the debt. The debtors financial reports can offer some information such as some ratios which can reveal the debt paying ability. And if the company has a bad financial result, creditors can consider calling in a loan ahead of the expiry day to insure their money is safe. However, those reports are made by the debtor. Therefore, creditors may raise the doubt whether there exists the possibility that debtor offer false information to diddle money or conceal the fact that they have no ability to pay that money back. At this time, auditors work can eliminate or alleviate this doubt. However, audit cant work out if auditor were unable to remain independence when conducting the audit. Creditors are likely to ma ke a wrong decision due to the failed audit opinion. When creditor lends money to unqualified debtor, it probably bears a lot of bad accounts and toxic asset as consequence (Siddiqui, 2002). Consequently, audit independence which can help to provide true financial reports is very crucial to creditors. 4.3 The importance of audit independence to government As a company operates within one country, it uses the infrastructure construction and investment environment offered by the government. It should take on tax responsibility. The financial statement provided by companies is the evidence for government to decide whether levy or not and how many to levy. For example, business tax is based on the gross income of the company which can be found on the income statement. And the income tax is based on the profit also from income statement. If company cooks the financial reports in order to save tax cost, the government will be suffered directly. Therefore, government will conduct audit in case of tax evasion. Moreover, lacking of audit independence would influence government indirectly. If auditors provided fake financial reports, the pubic will be suffered. They will have less confidence on the trueness of the operation of the company, and the stakeholders will feel betrayed. If their interests are impaired, conflicts would emerge, and it is bad for the stability of the society. That is why the government published the 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley Act after the Enron Bomb. 4.4 The importance of audit independence for operator Many people may misunderstand that auditor is enemy to operator referring to manager in this essay and the existence of audit is a stone in the way. This idea is partial and shallow. The role of audit plays is to increase the dependence to the information and check whether the whole business activities are in accordance with the regulation. To some degree, it serves to obtain superior management (Shih, 2006). Sometimes, auditors will come up with solutions to the existing management problems. For example, the internal control has leak which may incur situation where damages the whole benefits of company. Going details, the design of regulation may give a chance for embezzlement. Or auditor finds out some staff goes against regulation. Cases like that should call managers attention for better management. If auditor cannot keep independence when conducting audit, it will pose the threat to the company such as damage the company benefits. For example, the auditor is a brother to the cas hier. When this auditor conducts audit to cash, he cant remain independence or his independence has been affected. He may conceal the fact if the cashier had some guilt and issues unqualified opinion (Fadzil, 2005). Because of this opinion, managers cant notice this threat. It may have a bad effect on their working performance and company development. 4.5 The importance of audit independence for the other stakeholders The existence of a company has to bear many responsibilities. Therefore, the stakeholders can never be limited to the above mention. When a company becomes a listed company namely a public limited company, it has to fulfill more duties to the society and accept more supervision from the public. It raises fund by stock shares. Its public investors sell or buy the shares in the stock exchange, and their decision usually relies in the financial reports. However, those reports perhaps cannot reflect the financial position and income condition. Audit opinion is very important in their decision making process. If auditor could not remain independence, the audit opinion will mislead the users. Investors will lose money if they invested a loss company. For example, the collapse of Enron results from the accounting firm Andersen failed to remain independence. In the end, the share price cannot reflect the value of the company (Abbott, 2000). Stock market will go wrong and the economy will fal l apart. 5. Conclusions The most important responsibility for auditors is to provide high quality financial report which can help report users to make right decisions. The authenticity and reliability of the financial report is very crucial because it directly decides the strategies of stakeholders. The trueness of financial report which is also the quality of audit is decided by two factors: professional competence of auditors and audit independence, and the latter is more important. Audit failures caused by lack of audit independence have led to many companies fraud cases. Audit independence is also the need of shareholders, creditors, government, operators and other stakeholders. All in all, it is really important for auditors to remain independence in body and mind when conducting an audit.

Essays --

This research proposal will be dealing with the growing problem of attention deficit hyperactive disorder, or also known commonly as ADHD, in the United States. ADHD has grown from the 1% of the childhood population in the 1970’s to its current rate of 5% of the school age population according to National Survey of Children’s Health. That is a 400% increase over 40 years. With this type of increase, so has the increase of medication children are prescribed to help them cope with the disorder. This study will be looking at what kind of effect these medications are having on young children and, if any, the affects of the medication on the child meeting milestones in their education. H- Dietary eliminations from a child diagnosed with ADHA can have a notable positive effect. H1- Dietary eliminations from a child diagnosed with ADHA does not have a notable positive effect. Chapter 1: Introduction to research proposal. ADHD is defined by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequently displayed and is more severe than is typically observed in individuals at comparable level of development (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). There are several characteristics that are present in ADHA that include hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that must have been present in a child’s life before they reach seven years of age. Some impairment from the symptoms of ADHD must be present in at least two settings. A doctor must observe clear evidence of interference with developmentally appropriate social, academic or occupational functioning and the disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Schizophrenia, or other Psychotic Disorders and... ...t even harder to study and find the true results of the effect they have on children. One that has been studied is known simply as Yellow Number 5 has been studied alone. The results are that they could not find a direct link to it and hyperactivity but it is the second most used dye in the United State. Yello Number 5 is called tartrazine and is commonly found in all of the following: Nabisco Cheese Nips Four Cheese; Frito-Lay Sun Chips Harvest Cheddar and other Frito-Lay products; some Hunt's Snack Pack Pudding products; Lucky Charms; Eggo waffles and other waffle products; some Pop-Tarts products; various Kraft macaroni and cheese products; Betty Crocker Hamburger Helper and other products; some Oscar Mayer Lunchables products; Hot Pockets Ham & Cheese; some Hostess cup cakes; some Betty Crocker frostings; some M&M's and Skittles products; some Gatorade products.

Alice Walker: Peeling an Essence Essay

As an African-American novelist, short–story writer, essayist, poet, critic, and editor, Alice Walker’s plethora of literary works examines many aspects of African American life as well as historical issues that are further developed by Walker’s unique point of view. Writers like Alice Walker make it possible to bring words and emotions to voices and events that are often silenced. Far from the traditional image of the artist, she has sought what amounts to a personal relationship with her readers. She has also taken positions of passionate advocacy, most notably in her campaign against ritual genital mutilation of young women, a practice still institutionalized in many parts of the world, as well as the fight for equal rights for African Americans. Her writing has been praised around the world, increasing its profound impact on literature, social and political areas of American life. Moreover, Walker’s turbulent childhood in addition to growing up during an era where African-Americans like herself were fighting for freedom, increased her dedication to become both a reflective and revolutionary author. Alice Malsenior Walker was born on February 9, 1944, in Eatonton, Georgia, to Willie Lee and Minnie Tallulah Grant-Walker. Like many of Walker’s fictional characters, she was the daughter of a sharecropper and the youngest of eight children (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). Alice’s father had always taken education very seriously in an era where the schooling of black children, especially black females, was very rare. Nevertheless, Willie enrolled his young daughter in school at the age of four where she was then able to skip two grades up to first grade due to her intellectual potential (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). Though it may seem like Alice’s father was unorthodox, Willie was â€Å"blind to his own sexism. † He believed that the traditional role of women was to take care of the house as well as the children. Due to his opinion on the limits of being a women, Alice’s relationship with her father declined over time and was even reflected upon in some of her novels (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). Although Walker did indeed challenge the wisdom of her father, she clung tight to her mother for comfort and formed an unbreakable bond. Minnie Walker was Alice’s greatest support system. She approved of Alice’s ebellious ways as a young girl in addition to teaching her life lessons that would be underlying tones in her multiple works (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). Walker was a confident young girl until 1952, when an accident involving a BB gun left her blinded her in one eye. Although her older brother offered to pay for an operation to correct the impairment, Walker would never fully recover the sight of her right eye. The young Alice Walker would begin wearing glasses for the remainder of her life. The ridicule and loneliness that was created from her blindness led Walker into writing her first poetry pieces. She found that writing demanded peace and quiet, but these were difficult things to come by when ten people lived in four rooms (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). It was then that Walker became secluded and reserved and dreamed of suicide, but at the same time found solace in writing and became an observer rather than a participator in everyday life. Walker attended segregated schools which would be described as inferior by current standards, yet she recalled that she had terrific teachers who encouraged her to believe the world she was reaching for actually existed (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). Although Walker grew up in a poor environment, she was supported by her community and by the knowledge that she could choose her own identity. Moreover, Walker insisted that her mother granted her â€Å"permission† to be a writer and gave her the social, spiritual, and moral substance for her stories. Later before attending college, Alice would ask her mother permission to become a professional writer (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). Alice concentrated and studied hard in school. She graduated as valedictorian from her high school and went on to attend the local Spelman College in Atlanta, Georgia. She was greatly influenced by one of her professors there named Howard Zin, who she worked closely with on civil rights rallies. She became a volunteer for registered voters of Georgia and began attending political rallies for civil rights. Zin would eventually become an influence for some of Alice Walker’s later writing. In 1963, Walker left Spelman for Sarah Lawrence College, a place housing only a handful of African American people, most of them men. This was Walker’s predecessor to participating in many civil rights demonstrations and meeting Martin Luther King at his home in recognition of her invitation to the Youth World Peace Festival in Finland (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). 1964 was the turning point for Alice Walker. Realising that she was pregnant she contemplated suicide and slept with her razor under her pillow for three nights (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). During the same week, Walker again turned to writing as a natural outlet for her distress. She stopped writing only to eat and sleep. Thankfully, through the help of a friend, Walker was able to attain a safe abortion. The end product of weeks of anguish was, among other things, a story entitled â€Å"To Hell with Dying† and with the help of teacher Muriel Ruykeyser this was published in 1965 (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). In the same year, she graduated from Lawrence College. After moving to New York City in November of the same year Walker worked for the welfare system. She soon moved back however and in 1966 fell in love with civil rights lawyer Melvyn Laventhal. They met while working at the Head Start Program in Mississippi. The marriage was extremely controversial as Mel Leventhal was Jewish and Caucasian and Walker was African American (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). The union between the couple was the first legal marriage in the state of Mississippi that was inter-racial. In 1968, one year into the marriage, Alice published her poetry collection, â€Å"Once. † This was followed by Mel and Alice’s birth of their first daughter, Rebecca, but the marriage eventually fell apart under the turmoil and strife of the time period (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). Alice Walker’s writings continued to create discussions and controversy in both the literary and political arenas. Between 1968 and 1971, Alice would be a teacher in the Black Studies programs at two different colleges. She spent a year at Jackson State College and another year teaching at Tougaloo College. Alice Walker’s writing career would surge in the 1970’s with the publishing of her first novel, The Third Life of Grange Copeland (Smith, Jessie). The predominant issues and themes of her writings were civil rights based. Many of her stories and poems focus on rape, sexism, racism, violence, segregation and relationship problems. It would later be openly announced that Alice Walker had a bi-sexual orientation (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). In 1973, Alice Walker joined Ms. Magazine to publish short stories and poetry. She would also publish many different articles focusing on the theme of civil rights, animal rights and environmental issues. In 1973, Walker would publish the short story collection, â€Å"In Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Women†, and the poem collection, â€Å"Revolutionary Petunias and Other Poems†. Her second novel talked about the life of being an activist in the civil rights and political movements in the South. It is believed that much of Meridian parallels or reflects on Walker’s own life. Meridian was published in 1976 and earned Walker much recognition (Smith, Jessie). The focus of the book was accepting one’s mistakes and taking full responsibility for our actions. There were no excuses made and people greatly admired and respected Walker for this writing piece (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). Her political venues later turned from the problems of segregation and racism in the South to issues abroad. During her junior year in college, Alice Walker did her internship in Uganda. Her experiences in Uganda led her to stand against female genital mutilation; however, the process of female genital mutilation is still practiced today. During her college years, Alice Walker also visited Cuba on several occasions and would take an open political stand against the Cuban Embargos. Her political and social concerns were not strictly limited to the plight of black women in America but were on a global social and political scale (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). After the publication of The Color Purple in 1982, Alice Walker would become a huge name virtually everywhere. The Color Purple would be turned into a movie and a Broadway play (Smith, Jessie). There was a great deal of controversy over the book because the black culture was shown as patriarchal and whites were shown as sexist and racist. The Color Purple looks head on at the situations and plights of the black woman without the worries of being politically or socially correct. The Color Purple was so powerful in character development and insights into issues that it won Alice Walker the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1983. It would later also receive the American Book Award (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). In 1992, she would o onto write the novel, Possessing My Secret Joy which would feature the characters that were descendants from The Color Purple. The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction was certainly the most distinguished of all her honors and awards but Alice Walker would go on to receive many others. In 1969 she received the Lillian Award from the National Endowment of the Arts for her publication of Third Life of Grange Copeland. In 1974, Walker received the Rosanthal Award from the Institute of Arts and Letters and the Radcliffe Institute Fellowship for the writing and publication of In Love and Trouble (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). Even with all of her popularity, Alice Walker went on to write and publish such popular short stories and novels as You Can’t Keep a Good Woman Down: Stories in 1982, Beauty: When the Other Dancer is the Self in 1983, To Hell with Dying in 1988, The Temple of My Familiar in 1989, Finding the Green Stone in 1991, and Possessing the Secret of Joy in 1992 (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). Walker continues to publish poetry collections as well. During her battle with Lymes Disease, Walker wrote The Same River Twice: Honoring the Difficult and a collection of political essays named Anything We Love Can Be Saved: a Writer’s Activism. Within three years she has written a further three books, By the Light of My Father’s Smile in 1998, The Way Forward is with a Broken Heart in 2000 and A Long Walk of Freedom in 2001. In light of the tragedy at the World Trade Centre in New York City, she wrote her most recent work: Sent by Earth: A Message from the Grandmother Spirit After the Bombing of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon (Bates, Alice Walker: A Critical Companion). Being an African American growing up in the United States during the 1950s was far from easy. There was segregation in most cities and whites fought against any chance of black freedom. However, by the 1950s, African Americans began to mobilize in earnest against discrimination. They lived in the same culture as white Americans and they wanted to enjoy equal rights. From the 1950s through the 1970s, movements for civil and social rights, equality, and justice swept the United States. Mainstream beliefs about the freedom of African Americans were challenged and protesters prompted the government to intervene and act on behalf of their equality principles. Activists were prominent in local marches, revolts, and peaceful protests that placed thousands of people on the national stage of a continental confrontation. However, people also witnessed major setbacks and difficulties over winning the white men’s approval of equal rights. Overtime, with the perserverence and determination of many human rights advocates, African Americans gained greater access to education and a much broader set of career oppurtunities. As for the justice system during the Civil Rights era, the landmark case of Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas upheld the activists demand to outlaw segregation in public schools (Brennan). Enacted in 1954, this major case symbolized the official start of the Civil Rights movement. A year after this ruling, the Montgomery Bus Boycott hit headlines across the country. Blacks were tired of giving up their seats to white people and being forced to sit in the back of the bus. It was then that Rosa Parks refused to move after the driver ordered her to allow a white man to sit down where she was. This sparked a mode of resistance in which this one-day boycott turned into a year long rebellion. Not one black person rode the Montgomery City Lines for 383 days (Brennan). At first the bus companies did not even press for compromise. Therefore, when they realized that nearly three-fourths of their customers were black, they were already quickly losing money. However, this did not stop organizations like the Montgomery Improvement Association from planning the next steps of boycott. At this point, popular leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. s well as Ralph Abernathy rose to become powerful leaders that would soon dominate the political scene when it came to question over equal rights (Brennan). When it came to peaceful protests, activists like King were arrested for their actions but quickly bailed out by their supporters to allow for the continuation of a steady fight. By 1956, the Montgomery Improvement Association and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) attempted to end segregation of the city bus lines through the justice system. After months of legal dispute, the Montgomery City Lines were forced to end it’s policies on racial segregation on December 20,1956 (Brennan). As a result, the bus boycott ended the following day. Especially in the south, whites believed that any change in the social standings of society would disrupt the power balance between blacks and whites. Ultimately, they believed that if African Americans had any power whatsoever that resembled the whites, they would abuse it and revolt, trying to dominate southern society. Throughout the decade, black fears heightened as a result of brutal attacks from groups like the KKK and other gangs. In this time period, the KKK was experiencing its second resurgence since World War I and the popularity of lynching increased (Brennan). The inhumane morals of whites who lynched blacks was publicized in newspapers by journalists such as Ida B. Wells, who additionally worked for the Anti-Lynching Bureau (Brennan). It was no surprise that African Americans felt the need to be equal especially after they served in World War II. Nearly one million blacks served for their country during the 1940s and they believed that America was just as much of their country as it was the whites (Brennan).

Abc Term

Chapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term Securities 1. What is the market value of a $1,000 face-value bond with a 10 percent coupon rate when the market's rate of return is 9 percent? Answer:More than its face value. 2. If an investor may have to sell a bond prior to maturity and interest rates have risen since the bond was purchased, the investor is exposed to __________. Answer:interest rate risk 3. Beta Budget Brooms will pay a big $2 dividend next year on its common stock, which is currently selling at $50 per share. What is the market's required return on this investment if the dividend is expected to grow at 5% forever? Answer:9% 4.If a coupon bond sells at a large discount from par, then which of the following relationships holds true? (P0 > represents the price of a bond and YTM is the bond's yield to maturity. ) Answer:P0 ; par and YTM ; the coupon rate. 5. Market interest rates and the prices of bonds in the secondary market: Answer:generally move in opposite directions. 6. A $250 face value share of preferred stock pays a $20 annual dividend and investors require a 7% return on this investment. If the security is currently selling for $276, what is the difference (overvaluation) between its intrinsic and market value (rounded to the nearest whole dollar)?Answer:Approximately $10. 7. Which of the following accurately describes the behavior of bond prices? Answer:If interest rates rise so that the market required rate of return increases, the bond's price will fall. Chapter 5: Risk and Return 8. The firm of Sun and Moon purchased a share of Acme. com common stock exactly one year ago for $45. During the past year the common stock paid an annual dividend of $2. 40. The firm sold the security today for $85. What is the rate of return the firm has earned? Answer: 94. 2%. Return is over the two-year period and includes both dividends and capital gains. Return = [($2. 0) + ($85 – $45)] / $45 = 94. 2% 9. The ratio of the standard deviation of a distribu tion to the mean of that distribution is referred to as __________. Answer:coefficient of variation 10. Clive Rodney Megabucks offers friend, Melanie, an interesting gamble involving giving her the choice of the contents in one of two sealed, identical-looking boxes. One box has $20,000 in cash and the second has nothing inside. There is an equal probability that the chosen box contains cash versus nothing. Melanie states that she would not call off the gamble if you offered her a certain $10,999 instead of her choice of box.However, she would be indifferent if $11,000 was offered in place of the risky gamble; and she would definitely take $11,001 to call off the gamble. We would describe Melanie as __________ in this instance. Answer: having a risk preference 11. Which of the following portfolio statistics statements is correct? Answer:A portfolio's expected return is a simple weighted average of expected returns of the individual securities comprising the portfolio. 12. __________ is the variability of return on stocks or portfolios not explained by general market movements. It is avoidable through diversification. Answer:Unsystematic risk 3. What is the beta for an average risk security? What is the beta for a Treasury bill? Answer:1; 0. Chapter 20: Long-Term Debt, Preferred Stock, and Common Stock 14. The sinking fund retirement of a bond issue takes __________. Answer: two forms — (1) the corporation purchases bonds in the open market and delivers a given number of bonds to the trustee; or (2) the corporation pays cash to the trustee, who in turn calls the bonds for redemption. By Memory 15. A proposed project has normal cash flows. In other words, there is an up-front cost followed over time by a series of positive cash flows.The project’s internal rate of return is 12 percent and its WACC is 10 percent. Which of the following statements is most correct? Answer:The project’s MIRR is greater than 10 percent but less than 12 percent. ( In actual exam question, you have to solve and get the answer. ) 16. Project S costs $15,000 and is expected to produce cash flows of $4,500 per year for 5 years. Project L costs $37,500 and is expected to produce cash flows of $11,100 per year for 5 years. Calculate the two projects’ NPVs, IRRs and MIRR assuming a cost of capital of 14%. 3 questions. NPV IRR MIRR 17. Answer:Step 1:Determine the PMT: 2% 0 1 10 | | | -1,000 PMT PMT With a financial calculator, input N = 10, I = 12, PV = -1000, and FV = 0 to obtain PMT = $176. 98. Step 2:Calculate the project’s MIRR: 10% 012910 ||| || 1. 10 -1,000176. 98176. 98176. 98176. 98 194. 68 . (1. 10)8 . (1. 10)9 . 379. 37 417. 31 1,00010. 93% = MIRRTV = 2,820. 61 FV of inflows: With a financial calculator, input N = 10, I = 10, PV = 0, and PMT = -176. 98 to obtain FV = $2,820. 61. Then input N = 10, PV = -1000, PMT = 0, and FV = 2820. 61 to obtain I = MIRR = 10. 93%.

Human a&P Ch. 22 Respiratory System

Name:Â   Date:Â   Link to: 22.1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 1. Which of the following is not part of the upper respiratory system? A)Nose B)Oral cavity C)Pharynx D)Trachea E)Nasal meatuses Ans:D Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 2. The conducting zone does NOT act to A)clean air of debris. B)conduct air into the lungs. C)add water to air. D)warm air. E)It does all of the above. Ans:E Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 3. Which of the following is a passageway for air and food? A)Pharynx B)Larynx C)Paranasal sinuses D)Trachea E)Esophagus Ans:A Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 4. The opening to the pharynx from the mouth is called A)Palatine B)Hypopharynx C)Meatuses D)Fauces E)Vestibule Ans:D Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 5. This structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea. A)Arytenoid cartilage B)Epiglottis C)Nasopharynx D)Thyroid cartilage E)Paranasal sinus Ans:B Link to: 22. Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 6. During swallowing, which structure rises? A)Pharynx B)esophagus C)Trachea D)Palatine tonsils E)Primary bronchi Ans:A Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 7. These are triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior and superior border of the cricoid cartilage. A)Corniculate cartilage B)Arytenoids cartilage C)Cricotracheal cartilage D)Cuneiform cartilage E)Laryngeal cartilage Ans:B Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 8. Pitch is controlled by A)vibration of the vocal chords. B)tension of the vocal chords. C)layers of cartilage in the vocal chords. D)arrangement of the vocal chords. E)None of the above Ans:B Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 9. This is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi. A)Trachea B)Larynx C)Nasopharynx D)Pharynx E)None of the above Ans:A Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 10. This is the primary gas exchange site. A)Trachea B)Bronchiole C)Nasal sinuses D)Alveolus E)Bronchus Ans:D Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 11. Which of the below tissues maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system? A)Stratified squamous epithelium with keratin B)Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells C)Hyaline cartilage D)Mucus membrane E)Bone Ans:C Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 12. Which of the below tissues provides the functions of the inner layer of the conducting organs? A)stratified squamous epithelium with keratin B)ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells C)cilated cuboidal epithelium with goblet cells D)transitional epithelium with cilia E)columnar connective tissue with goblet cells Ans:B Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 13. The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called: A)Carina B)Secondary bronchioles C)Parietal pleura D)Visceral pleura E)Diaphragm Ans:A Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 14. Which of the below tissues forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus? A)Stratified squamous epithelium B)Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells C)Simple squamous epithelium D)Hyaline cartilage E)Columnar connective tissue with goblet cells Ans:C Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 15. These are cells of the alveoli that produce surfactant. A)Type I alveolar cells B)Type II alveolar cells C)Type III alveolar cells D)Surface cells E)Macrophages Ans:B Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 16. This is direction of diffusion of gases at capillaries near systemic cells. A)Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide into blood B)Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide into blood C)Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood D)Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood E)None of the above is correct. Ans:B Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 17. This is direction of diffusion of gases at the alveoli of the lungs. A)Oxygen into blood , Carbon dioxide into blood B)Oxygen out of blood , Carbon dioxide into blood C)Oxygen into blood , Carbon dioxide out of blood D)Oxygen out of blood , Carbon dioxide out of blood E)None of the above is correct. Ans:C Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 18. Exhalation begins when A)Inspiratory muscles relax B)Diaphragm contracts C)Blood circulation is the lowest D)Inspiratory muscles relax and the diaphragm contracts E)All of the above Ans:A Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 19. This means the lungs and the chest wall expand easily. A)High surface tension B)Low surface tension C)High compliance D)Low compliance E)None of the above Ans:C Link to: 22. 4 Lung volumes 20. The conducting airways with the air that does not undergo gas exchange are known as the A)inspiratory volume. B)expiratory reserve volume. C)minimal volume. D)residual volume. E)anatomic dead space. Ans:E Link to: 22. 4 Lung volumes 21. This is the sum of the residual and the expiratory reserve volume. A)Total lung capacity B)Functional residual capacity C)Inspiratory capacity D)Vital capacity E)Minimal volume Ans:B Link to: 22. 6 Respiration 22. Which of the following is not a factor that the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on? A)Partial pressure difference of the gases B)Surface area for gas exchange C)Diffusion distance D)Molecular weight and solubility of the gases E)Force of contraction of diaphragm Ans:E Link to: 22. 7 Oxygen is primarily transported 23. Which is the dominant method of carbon dioxide transport? A)Bound to hemoglobin B)Bound to oxygen C)Dissolved in plasma as a gas D)Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions E)Diffusion Ans:D Link to: 22. 10 Acid-base balance 24. When blood pH drops then the amount of oxyhemoglobin _______ and oxygen delivery to the tissue cells ________________. A)increases, increases B)Increases, decreases C)Decreases, increases D)Decreases, decreases E)Does not change, does not change Ans:C Link to: 22. 7 Oxygen is primarily transported 25. Which is a factor that does NOT affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen? A)pH of blood B)Partial pressure of the oxygen C)Amount of oxygen available D)Temperature E)Respiratory rate Ans:E Use the following to answer questions 26-36 Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 26. Where are the nasal conchae? A)A B)C C)T D)U E)V Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 27. Where is the lingual tonsil? A)C B)E C)N D)P E)F Ans:E Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 28. Which tonsils are found in the oropharynx? A)V B)R C)S D)Q E)U Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 29. What is also referred to as the Adam's Apple? A)G B)H C)I D)J E)K Ans:D Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 30. Where is the larynx? A)I B)M C)L D)N E)O Ans:A Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 31. This is a ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx. A)J B)K C)G D)H E)O Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 32. Where is the uvula? A)E B)F C)Q D)S E)U Ans:D Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 33. Where are the palatine tonsils? A)E B)F C)R D)U E)None of the above Ans:C Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 34. Where is the soft palate? A)C B)E C)G D)Q E)S Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 35. Where is the epiglottis? A)O B)R C)S D)F E)Q Ans:A Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 36. Where are the olfactory receptors found? A)A B)B C)C D)D E)U Ans:B Use the following to answer questions 37-40: Reference: Ref 22-2Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 37. What is line D pointing to? A)Thyrohyoid membrane B)Arytenoid cartilage C)Cricothyroid ligament D)Cricoid cartilage E)Tracheal cartilage Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-2Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 38. Where is the cricoid cartilage? A)D B)E C)F D)G E)H Ans:E Reference: Ref 22-2 Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 39. Where is the tracheal cartilage? A)J B)I C)H D)G E)F Ans:A Reference: Ref 22-2 Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 40. What is line A pointing to? A)Hyoid bone B)Trachea C)Adams Apple D) Thyroid E) Epiglottis Ans:E Use the following to answer questions 41-45: Reference: Ref 22-3Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 41. What line is pointing to the left terminal bronchiole? A)G B)N C)H D)A E)None of the above Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-3Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 42. What is line J pointing to? A)Right secondary bronchus B)Left secondary bronchus C)Right primary bronchus D)Left primary bronchus E)Carina Ans:D Reference: Ref 22-3Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 43. Where is the right bronchiole? A)F B)G C)H D)L E)M Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-3Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 44. What lines are pointing to tertiary bronchi? A)E and K B)D and J C)F and L D)H and M E)A and B Ans:C Reference: Ref 22-3Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 45. What is line B pointing to? A)Carina B)Visceral pleura C)Parietal pleura D)Pleural cavity E)Diaphragm Ans:C Use the following to answer questions 46-48: Reference: Ref 22-4Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 46. Identify the alveolar sac. A)A B)B C)C D)D E)E Ans:D Reference: Ref 22-4Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 47. What is line C pointing to? A)Terminal bronchiole B)Respiratory bronchiole C)Alveolar ducts D)Alveolar sac E)Alveoli Ans:C Reference: Ref 22-4Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 48. Where is the terminal bronchiole? A)A B)B C)C D)D E)E Ans:A Â  Use the following to answer questions 49-51: Reference: Ref 22-5Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 49. This provides disease resistance within the lungs. A)A B)B C)C D)D E)None of the above Ans:D Reference: Ref 22-5Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 50. Which cells are the main sites of gas exchange? A)A B)B C)C D)D E)All of the above Ans:C Reference: Ref 22-5Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 51. Which cell secretes surfactant? A)A B)B C)C D)D E)None of the above Ans:A Link to: 22. 8 The basic rhythm of respiration 52. The basic rhythm of respiration is controlled by the A)pons. B)medulla oblongata. C)hypothalamus. D)pneumotaxic area. E)apneustic area. Ans:B Link to: 22. 6 Respiration occurs between alveoli 53. The exchange of gases between blood in the systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called A)pulmonary ventilation. B)internal respiration. C)external respiration. D)expiration. E)inspiration. Ans:B Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 54. For air to enter the lungs during inhalation A)the pressure inside the lungs must become lower than the atmospheric pressure. B)the pressure inside the lungs must be higher than the atmospheric pressure. C)the pressure inside the lungs must be equal to the atmospheric pressure. D)the size of the lungs must be decreased. E)the diaphragm has to be relaxed. Ans:A Link to: 22. 6 Respiration occurs between alveoli 55. Which of the following affect(s) the release of oxygen from hemoglobin? A)partial pressure of oxygen B)temperature C)acidity D)carbon dioxide in the tissue E)all of the above. Ans:E Link to: 22. 7 Oxygen is primarily transported 56. Carbon monoxide: A)binds weakly to amino acids within hemoglobin B)binds to the heme group of hemoglobin C)binds more strongly to the heme than oxygen does D)binds weakly to amino acids within hemoglobin and binds to the heme group of hemoglobin E)binds to the heme group of hemoglobin and binds more strongly to the heme than oxygen does Ans:E Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 57. Name and briefly describe the three basic processes of respiration. Ans:1. Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs due to contraction and relaxation of muscles that control the size of the thoracic cavity. 2. External respiration is the exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. 3. Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood in the systemic capillaries and tissues. Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 58. Describe the inward forces of elastic recoil, and explain why the lungs do not normally collapse during expiration. Ans:Elastic recoil is the recoil of elastic fibers stretched during inspiration and the pull of the surface tension of alveolar fluid. Intrapleural pressure is always subatmospheric during normal breathing, which tends to pull lungs outward and to keep alveolar pressure from equalizing with atmospheric pressure. Surfactant in alveolar fluid decreases surface tension to help prevent collapse. Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation Inhalation and exhalation, 22. 5: Oxygen and carbon and 22. 6: Respiration 59. In chronic emphysema, some alveoli merge together and some are replaced with fibrous connective tissue. In addition, the bronchioles are often inflamed, and expiratory volume is reduced. Using proper respiratory system terminology, explain at least four reasons why affected individuals will have problems with ventilation and external respiration. Ans:Answers could include: reduced compliance (reduces ability to increase thoracic volume); increased airway resistance (decreases tidal volume); decreased diffusion due to increased diffusion distance, decreased surface area, and changes in partial pressures of gases (altering gradients). Other answers may be acceptable. Human a&P Ch. 22 Respiratory System Name:Â   Date:Â   Link to: 22.1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 1. Which of the following is not part of the upper respiratory system? A)Nose B)Oral cavity C)Pharynx D)Trachea E)Nasal meatuses Ans:D Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 2. The conducting zone does NOT act to A)clean air of debris. B)conduct air into the lungs. C)add water to air. D)warm air. E)It does all of the above. Ans:E Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 3. Which of the following is a passageway for air and food? A)Pharynx B)Larynx C)Paranasal sinuses D)Trachea E)Esophagus Ans:A Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 4. The opening to the pharynx from the mouth is called A)Palatine B)Hypopharynx C)Meatuses D)Fauces E)Vestibule Ans:D Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 5. This structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea. A)Arytenoid cartilage B)Epiglottis C)Nasopharynx D)Thyroid cartilage E)Paranasal sinus Ans:B Link to: 22. Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 6. During swallowing, which structure rises? A)Pharynx B)esophagus C)Trachea D)Palatine tonsils E)Primary bronchi Ans:A Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 7. These are triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior and superior border of the cricoid cartilage. A)Corniculate cartilage B)Arytenoids cartilage C)Cricotracheal cartilage D)Cuneiform cartilage E)Laryngeal cartilage Ans:B Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 8. Pitch is controlled by A)vibration of the vocal chords. B)tension of the vocal chords. C)layers of cartilage in the vocal chords. D)arrangement of the vocal chords. E)None of the above Ans:B Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 9. This is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi. A)Trachea B)Larynx C)Nasopharynx D)Pharynx E)None of the above Ans:A Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 10. This is the primary gas exchange site. A)Trachea B)Bronchiole C)Nasal sinuses D)Alveolus E)Bronchus Ans:D Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 11. Which of the below tissues maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system? A)Stratified squamous epithelium with keratin B)Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells C)Hyaline cartilage D)Mucus membrane E)Bone Ans:C Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 12. Which of the below tissues provides the functions of the inner layer of the conducting organs? A)stratified squamous epithelium with keratin B)ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells C)cilated cuboidal epithelium with goblet cells D)transitional epithelium with cilia E)columnar connective tissue with goblet cells Ans:B Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 13. The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called: A)Carina B)Secondary bronchioles C)Parietal pleura D)Visceral pleura E)Diaphragm Ans:A Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 14. Which of the below tissues forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus? A)Stratified squamous epithelium B)Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells C)Simple squamous epithelium D)Hyaline cartilage E)Columnar connective tissue with goblet cells Ans:C Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 15. These are cells of the alveoli that produce surfactant. A)Type I alveolar cells B)Type II alveolar cells C)Type III alveolar cells D)Surface cells E)Macrophages Ans:B Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 16. This is direction of diffusion of gases at capillaries near systemic cells. A)Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide into blood B)Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide into blood C)Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood D)Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood E)None of the above is correct. Ans:B Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 17. This is direction of diffusion of gases at the alveoli of the lungs. A)Oxygen into blood , Carbon dioxide into blood B)Oxygen out of blood , Carbon dioxide into blood C)Oxygen into blood , Carbon dioxide out of blood D)Oxygen out of blood , Carbon dioxide out of blood E)None of the above is correct. Ans:C Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 18. Exhalation begins when A)Inspiratory muscles relax B)Diaphragm contracts C)Blood circulation is the lowest D)Inspiratory muscles relax and the diaphragm contracts E)All of the above Ans:A Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 19. This means the lungs and the chest wall expand easily. A)High surface tension B)Low surface tension C)High compliance D)Low compliance E)None of the above Ans:C Link to: 22. 4 Lung volumes 20. The conducting airways with the air that does not undergo gas exchange are known as the A)inspiratory volume. B)expiratory reserve volume. C)minimal volume. D)residual volume. E)anatomic dead space. Ans:E Link to: 22. 4 Lung volumes 21. This is the sum of the residual and the expiratory reserve volume. A)Total lung capacity B)Functional residual capacity C)Inspiratory capacity D)Vital capacity E)Minimal volume Ans:B Link to: 22. 6 Respiration 22. Which of the following is not a factor that the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on? A)Partial pressure difference of the gases B)Surface area for gas exchange C)Diffusion distance D)Molecular weight and solubility of the gases E)Force of contraction of diaphragm Ans:E Link to: 22. 7 Oxygen is primarily transported 23. Which is the dominant method of carbon dioxide transport? A)Bound to hemoglobin B)Bound to oxygen C)Dissolved in plasma as a gas D)Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions E)Diffusion Ans:D Link to: 22. 10 Acid-base balance 24. When blood pH drops then the amount of oxyhemoglobin _______ and oxygen delivery to the tissue cells ________________. A)increases, increases B)Increases, decreases C)Decreases, increases D)Decreases, decreases E)Does not change, does not change Ans:C Link to: 22. 7 Oxygen is primarily transported 25. Which is a factor that does NOT affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen? A)pH of blood B)Partial pressure of the oxygen C)Amount of oxygen available D)Temperature E)Respiratory rate Ans:E Use the following to answer questions 26-36 Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 26. Where are the nasal conchae? A)A B)C C)T D)U E)V Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 27. Where is the lingual tonsil? A)C B)E C)N D)P E)F Ans:E Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 28. Which tonsils are found in the oropharynx? A)V B)R C)S D)Q E)U Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 29. What is also referred to as the Adam's Apple? A)G B)H C)I D)J E)K Ans:D Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 30. Where is the larynx? A)I B)M C)L D)N E)O Ans:A Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 31. This is a ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx. A)J B)K C)G D)H E)O Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 32. Where is the uvula? A)E B)F C)Q D)S E)U Ans:D Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 33. Where are the palatine tonsils? A)E B)F C)R D)U E)None of the above Ans:C Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 34. Where is the soft palate? A)C B)E C)G D)Q E)S Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 35. Where is the epiglottis? A)O B)R C)S D)F E)Q Ans:A Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 36. Where are the olfactory receptors found? A)A B)B C)C D)D E)U Ans:B Use the following to answer questions 37-40: Reference: Ref 22-2Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 37. What is line D pointing to? A)Thyrohyoid membrane B)Arytenoid cartilage C)Cricothyroid ligament D)Cricoid cartilage E)Tracheal cartilage Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-2Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 38. Where is the cricoid cartilage? A)D B)E C)F D)G E)H Ans:E Reference: Ref 22-2 Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 39. Where is the tracheal cartilage? A)J B)I C)H D)G E)F Ans:A Reference: Ref 22-2 Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 40. What is line A pointing to? A)Hyoid bone B)Trachea C)Adams Apple D) Thyroid E) Epiglottis Ans:E Use the following to answer questions 41-45: Reference: Ref 22-3Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 41. What line is pointing to the left terminal bronchiole? A)G B)N C)H D)A E)None of the above Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-3Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 42. What is line J pointing to? A)Right secondary bronchus B)Left secondary bronchus C)Right primary bronchus D)Left primary bronchus E)Carina Ans:D Reference: Ref 22-3Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 43. Where is the right bronchiole? A)F B)G C)H D)L E)M Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-3Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 44. What lines are pointing to tertiary bronchi? A)E and K B)D and J C)F and L D)H and M E)A and B Ans:C Reference: Ref 22-3Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 45. What is line B pointing to? A)Carina B)Visceral pleura C)Parietal pleura D)Pleural cavity E)Diaphragm Ans:C Use the following to answer questions 46-48: Reference: Ref 22-4Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 46. Identify the alveolar sac. A)A B)B C)C D)D E)E Ans:D Reference: Ref 22-4Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 47. What is line C pointing to? A)Terminal bronchiole B)Respiratory bronchiole C)Alveolar ducts D)Alveolar sac E)Alveoli Ans:C Reference: Ref 22-4Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 48. Where is the terminal bronchiole? A)A B)B C)C D)D E)E Ans:A Â  Use the following to answer questions 49-51: Reference: Ref 22-5Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 49. This provides disease resistance within the lungs. A)A B)B C)C D)D E)None of the above Ans:D Reference: Ref 22-5Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 50. Which cells are the main sites of gas exchange? A)A B)B C)C D)D E)All of the above Ans:C Reference: Ref 22-5Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 51. Which cell secretes surfactant? A)A B)B C)C D)D E)None of the above Ans:A Link to: 22. 8 The basic rhythm of respiration 52. The basic rhythm of respiration is controlled by the A)pons. B)medulla oblongata. C)hypothalamus. D)pneumotaxic area. E)apneustic area. Ans:B Link to: 22. 6 Respiration occurs between alveoli 53. The exchange of gases between blood in the systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called A)pulmonary ventilation. B)internal respiration. C)external respiration. D)expiration. E)inspiration. Ans:B Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 54. For air to enter the lungs during inhalation A)the pressure inside the lungs must become lower than the atmospheric pressure. B)the pressure inside the lungs must be higher than the atmospheric pressure. C)the pressure inside the lungs must be equal to the atmospheric pressure. D)the size of the lungs must be decreased. E)the diaphragm has to be relaxed. Ans:A Link to: 22. 6 Respiration occurs between alveoli 55. Which of the following affect(s) the release of oxygen from hemoglobin? A)partial pressure of oxygen B)temperature C)acidity D)carbon dioxide in the tissue E)all of the above. Ans:E Link to: 22. 7 Oxygen is primarily transported 56. Carbon monoxide: A)binds weakly to amino acids within hemoglobin B)binds to the heme group of hemoglobin C)binds more strongly to the heme than oxygen does D)binds weakly to amino acids within hemoglobin and binds to the heme group of hemoglobin E)binds to the heme group of hemoglobin and binds more strongly to the heme than oxygen does Ans:E Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 57. Name and briefly describe the three basic processes of respiration. Ans:1. Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs due to contraction and relaxation of muscles that control the size of the thoracic cavity. 2. External respiration is the exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. 3. Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood in the systemic capillaries and tissues. Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 58. Describe the inward forces of elastic recoil, and explain why the lungs do not normally collapse during expiration. Ans:Elastic recoil is the recoil of elastic fibers stretched during inspiration and the pull of the surface tension of alveolar fluid. Intrapleural pressure is always subatmospheric during normal breathing, which tends to pull lungs outward and to keep alveolar pressure from equalizing with atmospheric pressure. Surfactant in alveolar fluid decreases surface tension to help prevent collapse. Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation Inhalation and exhalation, 22. 5: Oxygen and carbon and 22. 6: Respiration 59. In chronic emphysema, some alveoli merge together and some are replaced with fibrous connective tissue. In addition, the bronchioles are often inflamed, and expiratory volume is reduced. Using proper respiratory system terminology, explain at least four reasons why affected individuals will have problems with ventilation and external respiration. Ans:Answers could include: reduced compliance (reduces ability to increase thoracic volume); increased airway resistance (decreases tidal volume); decreased diffusion due to increased diffusion distance, decreased surface area, and changes in partial pressures of gases (altering gradients). Other answers may be acceptable.