Essay --

Throughout Jewish History we have seen significant transitions from 2,000 B.C.E. to 1492 C.E. These transitions changed many different aspects of Jewish life. There are three specific events or turning points that caused tremendous change in Jewish life and had many ramifications. These three events were the Formation of the United Monarchy, the Rise of Hellenism and the Golden get along of Spain. Each of these transitions squeeze Judaism in different ways that changed it forever. The different groups of people involved changed different parts of Jewish life including linguistics, politics, traditions, and literature. The United Monarchy took place in the midst of 1020 and 921 B.C.E. It was the transition between a tribal society and an actual form of government. In this monarchy, Samuel appointed Saul to be the first King. Saul was replaced by King David and eventually was followed by Solomon. This era was the most documented era throughout Biblical history. During this time peri od, David was Gods right hand man. Jewish people believed that the Messiah was in wholeness case a living King somewhere in the Davidic bloodline. They believe the Messiah in the Bible was a human King. The word Messiah means anointed one. David is the one who brings together loose tribes into a government. He institutes many new things like scribe culture and census records. This becomes known as the prototype for the saint Jewish monarch. He establishes the city of Jerusalem or the City of David. His legacy becomes a major theme in Jewish history. Through him, the First synagogue was built for worship and for sacrifice in 950 B.C.E. This temple was extremely important to the Jewish people. It was the center for worship and politics for the kingdom of Judah. The Babylonians e... ...ed, you sent Seraphim to tell him of your smashing goodness. They sat down beside me and then Michael said This is Gods message who pleads your cause On the day that you cross waters of sorrow I am with you. When the enemy draws near, the rivers will not drowned you. These three transitions had a huge effect on Jewish life in many differentways and were major turning points in Jewish history. In all three of these periods the Jews underwent many changes in their lives in many different categories. Although massive changes were made, in each of these eras the Jews in some manner managed to keep their cultural identity even while adapting to other ways of life. They never lost sight of their heritage. Therefore, the Formation of the United Monarchy, the Rise of Hellenism and the Golden Age of Spain were the three most important points of ruptures in Jewish history.

A Global Perspective on Schooling :: Education Technology Essays

A Global Perspective on SchoolingUniversities and colleges across the country, as well as the world, have one intention. This goal is to educate citizens to the best of their ability. Although they all have the same intention, each of these schools has a different approach from all the others. One aspect of education that is constantly ever-changing is technology. These changes can occur from school to school, or within a specific school. I have chosen to research and compare the different approaches of several universities from two the United States and throughout the world. This paper discusses the schools I have chosen to research, the variety of majors available at these schools, and how technology is presented in the schools.The United States is a precise diverse country regarding both its people and its education styles. The State University of New York College at Fredonia, University of South Carolina, Utah State University and the University of California Davis are four r eally different schools within our country. The College of the Bahamas, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University of Qatar, and Kazan State University are in addition very diverse schools located throughout the world. Although these schools were chosen to sample techniques used with technology, this is an extremely small taste of what is available to students all over the world.SUNY Fredonia, located in Fredonia, NY is a college that offers many degree options and is very culturally diverse. The website itself is somewhat plain, but as we all go to bed from the Penn State website, many things lie hidden within. I believe that I would not have know about many of these things if I hadnt been a student at Fredonia State at one point. This site has a search engine that allows the user to search for educators, students, degree programs, and student life to evoke a few.The University of South Carolina in Columbia, SC has an interesting website that draws the user in. This site, once again, has a search engine and allows the user to choose from several areas of interest. There is also a specific link to Technology Resources that leads to several other technology related issues.The University of California Davis, in Davis, CA, has a businesslike appearance to its website. Their main objective is to get across the importance of academics. On a secondary rascal I found a link to Information and Educational Technology. On this page the user will find information on computer rooms, computing accounts, security, technical support and training.

Weapons of World War 2 Essay -- essays research papers fc

Weapons and Artillery of world contend IIThe result of World contend II was affected by many different factors. One major factor which affected the warfare was the weapons and artillery used during the war. Since the beginnings of time, weapons have always been around. From swords and knives to atomic weapons and missiles, weapons have evolved greatly through aside the years. The weapons and artillery used in World War II basically were evolved types of weaponry that were used during World War I (Military annals 1).World War II began in 1939 when the German armies decided to invade parts of Europe, in that respectfore causing Europeans to retaliate against the Germans (World War 1). World War II began because those countries which were defeated in World War I (Germany, Italy, and Japan) were greatly devastated by the loss. Their countries were suffering from economical problems and were also left in bad conditions afterward World War I. They had confused much territory and n ow were practically in debt for the damages which they had done during the war (1). These countries figured that the only way for them to travel out of economic depression and revive their country was to take land from other countries, which was one of the reasons why the war began.The main countries which were involved in World War II were Germany, Japan, and Italy, which were known as the Axis Coalition, against the United States, the Soviet Union, and many other countries. Overall World War II was seen as the virtually devastating war in human history. Each country had different types of weaponry and artillery which proved to be vital in the result of the war (World War 1).Many new and improved weapons and artillery were brought out during the war. One example of this introduction of new weapons was the long-range rocket. Also during this time the atomic dud proved to have a big impact on the war. Along with these new and improved weapons, falls the infamous tanks of World War II (Military History 1). Although some weapons proved to be more important than others, every weapon played an important role in fighting this war. Some of these smaller weapons acknowledge pistols and rifles.A majority of weapons used in World War II were improved weapons from World War II. Most guns increased in power and abilities. In World War II people thought that pistols were useless but this was proved wrong due to the fact that the U.S. Mi... ...ilities of the tanks being penetrated were slim. Also there was an concomitant of an anti-craft gun which made it even more powerful and unstoppable (Slayton 103).The result of World War II had tragic results for Japan, Germany, and also Italy. The United States and the Allies came out victorious once again but the cost of war greatly affected all the countries. Germany, Japan, and Italy now have more debts to pay and also lost much of their territory once again. The war took many lives and also ended up destroying many beautifu l cities. World War II showed how not solely the soldiers were affected in the war, but everyone in all the different countries were affected by the war. The fact that the result of World War II was affected by the weapons and artillery used throughout shows the importance of weapons and artillery. Without weapons or artillery there is no war. Without money there are no weapons or artillery. Without money there is no need for war because countries have no reason to go to war.Works CitedAnderson, Rich. The United States Army in World War II. Google.com. 20 January 2005 Slayton, Robert A. gird of Destruction. New York Citadel Press, 2004.

Anzaldúa’s Genre Borderlands Essay -- Gloria Anzaldua

Anzaldas Genre BorderlandsGloria Anzalda writes of a Utopic frame of mind, the borderlands created in and lived in by the new mestiza. She describes the be natures of the Anglos, Mexicanos, and Chicanos as seen around the southwest U.S. / Mexican border, indicative of the nations at large. She also probes the borders of language, sexuality, psychology and spirituality. Anzalda presents this information in confused identifiable ways including the autobiography, historical/informative essay, and poetry. What is unique to Anzalda is her ability to weave a perfect kind of compromised state of mind that melds together the preexisting cultures while simultaneously formulating a fusion of genres that stretches previously constructed borders, proving both problematic and a step in the right extremely ideal direction.Geography is the die of the novel and of the division of culture. There is hatred and derision linked heavily to the divide. This she tells primarily in historical formats, wh ich she then intersperses with poetry. This makes the historical/ political pers...

The Ugliness of War in Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est Essays

The Ugliness of War in Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est is seen as a strong expression of the ugliness of war, and an attack on the idea of war being glorious (Kerr 48). It transmits an irritating clip, with full animation and in vivid colors, of embittered and battered soldiers marching to their destruction. It also, cogently presents a nightmarish vision of sinfulness uploading all its demons into the root directory of an impoverished soldier who saw one of his comrades gassed to death.The images that Owen confected with the skill of a professional craftsman remain grafted in the readers memory long aft(prenominal) the poem is read, echoing its sober message times and times again. The soldiers voice bitterly imploring that patriarchy stop disseminating lies about the glory and sweetness of death in defense of ones country haunts the text. The poem presents this extremely tense experience articulately in 28 lines of well-confected verse. It is this confected eloquence and the well structured articulation of this extremely disturbing experience that really betrays the poems lack of immediacy and artificiality, and makes the poet an accomplice with those he attacks as disseminators of lies. Scrutinizing Owens poem under the magnifying lens of Longinus treatise On the Sublime, and Harold Pinters view on treat reveals that the poem perches on a detrimental fault line that destabilizes its mainstream readings.While Owen challenges patriarchy and insinuates at its responsibilities for the horror of the war, he himself maintains, to a great extent, a stately approach to writing poetry that does not subvert the traditional patriarchal forms of versification. The diction of the poem is delibe... ...arizes them to him to the extent that they cease to become that terrible after some(prenominal) repeated readings. In fact, in Owens poem the war is exhausted by its discourse the way, to borrow Jean Baudrillards expression, the eyes are exhausted in the respect and the face is exhausted in the makeup. (76)Works CitedBaudrillard, Jean. Seduction. Trans. Brian Singer. New York St. Martins Press, 1990.Dorsch, T. S. Classical Literary Criticism. London Penguin books, 1965.Kerr, Douglas. Wilfred Owens Voices Language and Community. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1993.Owen, Wilfred. Wilfred Owen Collected Letters. Ed. Harold Owen and John Bell. London Oxford UP, 1967.-----. Wilfred Owen The Complete Poems and Fragments. Ed. John Stallworthy. 2 vols. New York Norton, 1984.Hollis, J. R. Harold Pinter The Poetics of Silence. New York Macmillan, 1970.

The Ugliness of War in Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est Essays

The Ugliness of War in Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est is seen as a strong expression of the ugliness of war, and an attack on the humor of war being glorious (Kerr 48). It transmits an irritating clip, with full animation and in vivid colors, of embittered and battered soldiers marching to their death. It also, cogently presents a nightmarish vision of hell uploading all told its demons into the root directory of an impoverished soldier who saw one of his comrades gassed to death.The images that Owen confected with the skill of a professional craftsman remain grafted in the readers memory long after the poetry is read, echoing its sober message times and times again. The soldiers voice bitterly imploring that patriarchy stop disseminating lies about the glory and sweetness of death in defense of ones country haunts the text. The song presents this extremely tense experience articulately in 28 lines of well-confected verse. It is this confect ed eloquence and the well structured articulation of this highly lamentable experience that really betrays the poems lack of immediacy and artificiality, and makes the poet an accomplice with those he attacks as disseminators of lies. Scrutinizing Owens poem under the magnifying lens of Longinus treatise On the Sublime, and Harold Pinters view on discourse reveals that the poem perches on a detrimental fault line that destabilizes its mainstream readings.While Owen challenges patriarchy and insinuates at its responsibilities for the horror of the war, he himself maintains, to a great extent, a conventional climb up to writing poetry that does not subvert the traditional patriarchal forms of versification. The diction of the poem is delibe... ...arizes them to him to the extent that they cease to become that terrible after several perennial readings. In fact, in Owens poem the war is exhausted by its discourse the way, to borrow Jean Baudrillards expression, the eyes are exhaust ed in the gaze and the subject is exhausted in the makeup. (76)Works CitedBaudrillard, Jean. Seduction. Trans. Brian Singer. peeled York St. Martins Press, 1990.Dorsch, T. S. Classical Literary Criticism. London Penguin books, 1965.Kerr, Douglas. Wilfred Owens Voices Language and Community. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1993.Owen, Wilfred. Wilfred Owen Collected Letters. Ed. Harold Owen and John Bell. London Oxford UP, 1967.-----. Wilfred Owen The Complete Poems and Fragments. Ed. John Stallworthy. 2 vols. New York Norton, 1984.Hollis, J. R. Harold Pinter The Poetics of Silence. New York Macmillan, 1970.

My Diary Essay

My life is a sea of endless hardship. Struggling to open my heavy eyes, I began my busy day. later finishing my routine job drowsily before the first lark awaked, I had to clean the grand villa inside and out, finish washing piles of vexatious clothes and prepare breakfast for the substantial family. One after another, they got up and went downstairs, wearing tired expressions on their faces, as if they had d angiotensin-converting enzyme househ senior chores for a whole night instead of sleeping comfortably in the soft and warm bed.I smiled a smooth smile towards all of them, although I wanted to rip at them in the bass bottom of my heart. All of them ill-treat me, including my mother, who is my dear mother, but my master now. Since she divorced with my father, my carefree childhood has become a frame of bittersweet history covered with dust. This grand villa is like a crystal palace to others, however, it is the hell full of misery to me. God Damn You fool must have shirked on the cleaning Peter, the son of my mother and her present husband, found a dead fly lying in a tiny boxful of the washroom and jumped with anger.Before my explanation and realization, he gave me a slap on the cheek. In the mist of my eyes, I caught a slight smile on my mother. On the sort to market, I came across my father. Spontaneously, I was surrounded by the sea of warmth and kindness, I burst into divide and poured out the bitterness of my life. Please Please allow me leave that castle of misery, Dad I would like to be with you no matter how poor you are My beloved dad stroked my hair without saying anything.I could feel his slight tremble and waves of love, which I had almost forgotten as time passed by. Suddenly, he said to me earnestly You have been a lady of 20, old enough to take your own responsibilities. Life belongs to you, and no one can offer you a real help except yourself I woke up, only to flummox the whole room was still buried in endless darkness and it w as just a dream I struggled to sit on and took a deep breath. My terrible life in the nightmare showed continuously in my mind, together with my fathers words.With trembling hands I wiped the stream of sweats and tears on my face. Luckily enough, I live a life of ease in reality. Under considerate cares of my parents, I am enjoying a more comfy life than my peers, without worrying about almost anything. My parents and I have been living harmoniously and peacefully since my memory started. However, as time passes by, I am apply to taking their loves and cares as granted. Only at that moment did I realize how happy I am. By comparing my dream with the reality, I found myself as blissful as a little princess.Moreover, I would like to thank the nightmare for giving me some experience and understanding on tragedy. No one wants to be involved in a tragedy, but when it falls into our lives unexpectedly, we should try our best to challenge and conquer it. I wish tragedy will be a permanen t stranger to me, but I am fully aware that it is impossible. Everyones life is bridge from the cradle to the grave and it is full of barriers and thorns. but no matter what happens, I will keep in mind what father said in my dream and face challenges with pride and courage.

Nursing Leadership

In the field of nursing survive, Percival pointed out that the nurse leaders are need to have an agreement of the philosophy, values and goals of PHC to guide national policy towards social equity and reduce the health inequity and related socioeconomic inequity in the community. They are required to be able to look beyond the expansion of traditional nursing roles or mere cosmetic changes in nursing education programs.In Hong Kong, the Chinese University of Hong Kong has twirl a leadership forum which is designed to be a practical session for nursing leaders to share their contemporary issues with relation to the future education of nursing in Hong Kong, Furthermore, the Hong Kong Baptist University has also offer a programme that consists of leadership in clinical practice, it enhance the student have a good increase of leadership potential, motivation, coaching, and mentorship, concepts of power, authority and empowerment and discussion of contemporary leadership issues.The Hospital Authority has dedicated a significant effort in nursing leadership for current as well as future leaders in this pursuit. Examples of these efforts include the Executive Leadership Program (ELP), HA Leadership Pipeline (HALP) and the scuttle of dedicated development positions in its head office and various Clusters.. Nurses are initiative to play a greater role to carry out harvest-time monitoring, health screening, health education and other related activities.These changes have proven how nurse leaders to be proactive and improve our health care system, and elevate patient to participate in their own care. Leadership skills are not often taught in nursing school, but they are important to nurses career and reputation. Nurses lead patients out of illness and into wellness, families out of confusion and into understanding. They also mentor and lead nurses who are new to the profession. Have good leadership in nursing by developing your personal leadership skills and bri nging them into the workplace.

Describing Places †Seoul Essay

Being the capital of Korea since the 14th century, Seoul () is one of the most popular tourist destinations located in the west of its country. Packed with countless sights and places to visit, ranging from royal stag palaces to trendy shopping centre, Seoul is a city with so much to offer that tourists might not know where to begin. The streets of Seoul are always mob with people as there are endless varieties of restaurants, cafes, shopping centres, discos available at any time of day. Bright neon lights and catchy songs coming come out from nightclubs attract young people and there are plenty of karaoke bar where one can have a great time singing and dancing.The mayor tourist attractions of Seoul are Seoul Tower () and 63 Building (). The 236.7m Seoul Tower sits atop Namsan Mountain, offering a breathtaking panoramic bring in of the city and the surrounding areas. It is so stunning that many visitors consider Seoul Tower the best tower in Asia. As far 63 building, it is say t o be one of the tallest buildings in the world.It is a skyscraper situated on Yeouldo (), overlooking the Han river (). 63 represents the number of floors it has and it mainly comprises financial offices, entertainment attractions, observatory, restaurants which cater for all ages, the climb on museum, a trendy shipping mall packed with brand shops, and a huge aquarium with all kinds of fish. Seoul provides entertainment and an unforgettably unique experience. Unless you encounter it for yourself, you will never know the excitement it brings you, try Seoul.

Boethius’ Consolation of Philosophy Essay

Hundreds of philosophers existed thousands of years ago. It was a time when the only leisure you could probably do was think, theorize, analyze and discover things. Obviously, two thousand years can vary the habit of people and these days, thinking would take a lot of effort. The discovery of new things never stop as people have that urge to go improves lives. In history and philosophy classes, great thinkers and philosophers were often studied. It is pretty amazing to read their works and come up with much(prenominal) incredible thoughts at that time.Often, they express about leadership and politics. It was a time when countries be settle down developed and lands atomic number 18 yet to be discovered so a great leadership was very important. Although we would still analyze and review the philosophers works, more often their teachings cannot be applied to the current times. Sometimes change does not only involve engine room and advancement, it can also apply to leadership an d certain philosophical views. A great factor would involve the changing times. The animatenessstyle and the culture of the people argon much different thousands of years ago.It was a time that women were limited to do domestic chores. Philosophers like Plato and Aristotle, wrote about what they of women during that time. It was probably a time when the role of women in the society is not defined. Of course, women nowadays are powerful and strong. They have created their mark in the society and gender bias in a lot of major industries is non-existent. That is wherefore a lot of rules and laws cannot be applied to the world today. However, there are still some teachings that can be used up to now. These are the teachings that involve a great perspective in life.Sometimes, an illustrious perspective on life makes a soul great. Anyway, the brain is the most powerful electric organ that is why the mind should take control of bingles lives. Teachings about life are very important t hat is why some philosophers and great thinkers are idolized and people formed a religion to continue preaching their teachings. One of the members of the long list of philosophers is Boethius. Although not as familiar as Aristotle and Plato, Anicius Manlius Severinus is the very name of this Roman philosopher but he was more famously getn as Boethius.Boethius was born from a wealthy and educated family and like any opposite kids during that time he studied poetry, mathematics and philosophy. Theodoric, the Gothic King ruling from Italy to Rome, ap placeed him court minister. Soon, his two sons became court ministers as well. He was a open and brave man, with thoughts envied by a lot of people. His boldness is what brought him down as he became the object of vengeance of those oppressed. Boethius was known to check in the oppressions of some leaders. He was then accused of t solid ground and was stripped of his dignities. In 524, he was executed in Pavia.While in prison, Boethiu s immersed himself in report and there he wrote his sterling(prenominal) work. His masterpiece, The Consolation of philosophical system, negotiation about random thoughts about nature, justice and evil doings. The Consolation of Philosophy is a work mixed of prose and verse. It is a copy of Boethius chat with Philosophy during the lvirtuosoly years of the prisoners life. The work was theistic overall but it did not indicate whether the writer was Christian or not. In the Consolation of Philosophy, Philosophy showed Boethius how uncertain earthly fortune is and there is nothing more secure than virtue.Boethius was the last great Roman writer who translated Aristotles work. His translations were the sole means of canvass Greek philosophy for a long time. His manuals on geometry, music, philosophy, arithmetic and astronomy were used in medieval schools. It may seem that Boethius may be having apparitions in his prison, but these visions came with a great message and a deeper insig ht. Boethius saw the reason behind his imprisonment and his conversations with Philosophy ended his misery and opened his eyes to purify things, better perception. There was more to a great fortune and earthly things.It was probably some of the great things that Philosophy advised him that can still be applied up to the modern times. The first part of the book opens with Boethius having some afternoon thinking and writing when all of a sudden a charr appears in front of her. He described the woman as very beautiful and having a very powerful presence. He distinctively described her garb having embroidered the Greek letter Pi at the bottom and on the top hem, Theta. There was a ladder in between the two letters. She was holding books to her make up hand and a scepter in the left.She was the muse of Poetry. Boethius was currently having one of his many melancholy moments. Tears were trickling down Boethius eyes when the Muse of Poetry became angry. She was challenge the existenc e of sluts in Boethius place. She says that they only provide him temporary happiness that will not help him in his condition but instead will aggravate it. The Muse of Poetry then pushed away the girls and they left in dismay. Boethius was teary-eyed as they left but eventually the Muse will explain why she did such thing (ODonnell 21).The first part of the book shows how deserted Boethius feelings was in the prison that he tries to enjoy his self from getting temporary happiness. Apparitions or not, the Muse of Poetry shooed away the cause of all these but Boethius couldnt help but feel terrible of her act he even questioned her authority. This lesson can still be applied to modern times. Often, when people have problems they are pushed to do band-aid resolutions that will give them a short term solution to their problem. It is such an wound up thing to do that people do not even think of the long term effect or even the long term solution to their problem.A concrete example wo uld be poverty. It is a sad fact that poor people are often pushed to do the bad thing. When a person is desperate to get food, he often steals. This solution just makes things more complicated as that person ends up ruining his life by disbursement it in jail. It is one of the many things that emotions take over and the mind stays behind. People often think of short-term solutions to their problems without considering the long-term consequences of these short-term solutions. The next stanza talks about how the Muse of Poetry consoled Boethius grieving soul.It was very well written with descriptions of how miserable Boethius has been. She assured Boethius that all(prenominal)thing was going to be okay and that it was a time of improve not grieving. The Muse narrated how he brought up Boethiusbeing the great man that he is now. And although his situation may seem to be not bright, these too shall cleft for the Muse is there to protect him and assure him that his virtues will prev ail in this hardship (ODonnell 24). This stanza was definitely was of the most touching part of the book.Really, this was the consolation of philosophy and one cant help but feel for Boethius suffering. He was deprived of the life he deserved yet his imprisonment didnt stop him from writing wonderful works. The second stanza also hints on the probable religion of the PhilosopherChristianity. The Muse somehow reminds me of Mother Mary and how she would protect her son from danger. It also signifies that the philosopher believes in a supernatural being that is more powerful than the earthly soul. Like any other human being, Boethius was going through probably the toughest battle in his life.And every human goes through that. No matter how driven or optimistic we are in our lives, there will always come a point that we want to give up. What the Muse was trying to communicate was that Boethius was born and made greater than his problems. And that does not exempt us. This made be theisti c, but God wont give us a problem that we could not bear. It is just normal that we feel like giving up at times especially when all hopes lost but all we have to do is to stick to that goal and the universe will conspire to make life better for us.The next stanza talks about how the night ended and the day started with Boethius describing his physician examining him. The physician glum out to be Philosophy and she narrated how she has been with Boethius all along. She narrated how she started with Plato and Socrates and how she has turned out to be what she is now. She explained to Boethius how she has been taking care of him all throughout his life. The next stanza narrates his conversation with Philosophy. She tested him of the things he knew and welcomed him of her questions.The first thing that Philosophy asked him was if believed that life is ripe of chances. And he bluntly answered that God governs his creations and everything happens for a reason and he will never abandon His creation. The Philosophy then asked him why he was in such grief when he believes that God knows the best for him. By then, the writer was dumbstruck for he did not know the answer. The Philosophy knew something was missing and she was right. Boethius soon confessed that he was overpowered by grief. He knew the answer but he was just miserable to realize that the answer was just right in front of him.Philosophy then declared that the reason of his sickness is his grief and it was he who created all of those (ODonnell 28). The following lines were so powerful that one cannot help but relate to Boethius situation. Pretty sure every one has gone through that pain. It was a feeling of emptiness and pity. It was as if the world has gone against us and everything is so not going our way. At the back of our minds, we know that something great is lurking around. We just have to be patient as good things come to those who wait. It was also just a matter of believing and working for some (prenominal) it that we want.It was a matter of realizing that we are in control of our livesthrough Gods guidance that is. In general, the teachings of Philosophy can definitely still be applied to modern times. We all go through trials no matter what time or age we may be. It is just a matter of perspective. And although Boethius didnt have any material thing left for him, it was his virtue that was more important than anything else. And that applies to all of us as well. Work Cited ODonell, J. Life of Boethius. protoactinium University of Pennsylvania. Pages, 1996.

King Lear Loyalty

Eastern and Western Perspectives on Loyalty Loyalty is a hard feeling of support and wholeegiance in which it is reflected upon twain announced movies with different setting and subplots, moreover possesses a uniform understanding to what the writer was trying to convey. By watching Oliviers mogul Lear, and Kurosawas Ran, the audience finds in that respect be many themes that are portrayed through with(predicate)out apiece movie, but the one that provides the largest touch inwardly the plot has to be consignment. King Lear displays the meaning of obedience in a western approach with high class Elizabethan characters as its principal(prenominal) cast.The second movie, Ran, is based on an eastern society with unconnected warlords who rule during a particular era. With their differences, withal come their similarities. Many characters within their respective movies all share one common analogy, that one should be loyal and faithful to their master. Since the concepts o f the two movies are similar, the characters and their aims would parallel each other as well. passe-partout Hidetoras advocate, trip the light fantastic toe and King Lears Earl, Kent encounter one designate in common that they both coif their king with devotion.The Earl of Kents subjection is shown during the movie after he is banished by King Lear for opposing the idea of disownment his youngest daughter, Cordelia. Kent proves this when he disguises himself as a normal citizen, to obtain proximity with the king. Most men would render the region, neer to return but Kent proves differently. Aside, Kent reveals his plan Now, banished Kent, If thou canst serve where thou dost stand condemned, So may it come thy master, whom thou lovest, Shall find thee full of labors. (I. iv. 24. 4) This excerpt explains that even though his master condemned him, he is loyal and appease imparting to serve King Lear.From there, he gains King Lears trust as Caius and work to aid him throu ghout the rest of the play. Kents honesty is withal a big role when share King Lear, since he helps the King to understand his faults astir(predicate) banishing Cordelia from his kingdom, acting as a voice of reason. Hes non afraid to stand up to the King, because he holds King Lears best affaire at heart even before his own. Kent is very(prenominal) unselfish when it comes to his relationship with King Lear, and without prompting would end his own life to continue serving his King even in the afterlife.Kent tells the Duke of Albany I have a journey, sir, shortly to go. My master calls me. I must not say no. (V. iii. 17. 340) Kent decides to continue serving his king and denies the request from the Duke of Albany to help revive the kingdom that King Lear once ruled. Parallel to Kent from King Lear, dance from Ran also had a similar role as Lord Hidetoras loyal advocate. trip the light fantastic is banished from Lord Hidetoras domain because of his negativism towards his L ords decision to banish Saburo, since he did not want to deceive his father like his elder brothers. dance leftover Hidetoras domain, but did not feel it was right to leave his Lord since he make a pledge to serve him, no matter the situation. Tango returns to Lord Hidetora when Hidetora is in need of food and supplies after he, himself is banished from both Taro and Jiros castles. Tango explains to Lord Hidetora I, Tango Hirayama, though banished have honored my lord in disguise. Seeing how you suffer, I beg to offer you these provisions. This quote displays that the relationship among Lord Hidetora and Kent are more than servant and Lord and that the trust between the two of them go far beyond even Lord Hidetora and his own sons.From that part in time, Tango stays with Hidetora for the remainder of the movie while they endure the paroxysm and suffering that tie into the tragedy. The differences between the characters are the strength of their inscription towards their master s. Kents perspective of loyalty is more extreme, since he is willingly to die for King Lear and follow him eternally. Kent puts his service towards his master as his top priority which is more important than his own life. Tangos approach is more subtle, since he does not see extreme precaution when returning to his King after his banishment, but Tango still has a strong sense of loyalty.Kent and Tangos roles within each movie are very significant towards the tragedy. It helps the audience see there are legitimate characters within the movies that are not influential towards the tragedy. The loyalty that is instilled within the two characters cause a positive flexure within the tragedy by helping eliminate the conflict more than continuing the progression towards it. hostile the positive effect that Kent and Tango had on the plot, Oswald and Kurogane both serve their antagonistic masters, Goneril and Jiro.Oswald shows his full allegiance to Goneril he even disobeys King Lears atte mpt to pour forth to his daughter during Kents arrival to the Gonerils castle and denies Regans offer to join her side, also ripping up her letter in the process. Oswald serves Goneril with utter loyalty, but his understanding of devotion is different than a man such as Kent. Oswald explains to the Duke of Cornwall why Kent attacked him I never gave him any, It pleased the king his master very new To strike at me upon his misconstructionWhen he, conjunct and flattering his displeasure, Tripped me behind being down, insulted, railed, And put upon him such a deal of man That worthied him, got praises of the king For him attempting who was self-subdued. And in the fleshment of this dread rap Drew on me here again. (II. ii. 5. 110) The fight between Kent and Oswald is symbolic, showing a battle between good and evil. Kents loyalty is trustworthy but Oswald is a sycophant who attempts to win over people with his insincerely approbation to get what he wants, similar to his master Gon eril.Kurogane is parallel to Oswald with both of them serving the main antagonists of the movies. Kurogane is very loyal to Jiro, acting as his voice of reason when Jiro becomes extremely influenced by Lady Kaede and tries to progress to over Lady carry outs position as his wife. When Lady Kaede asks Jiro to slay Lady Sue and bring back her doubt, Kurogane comes back with a head of a statue, After finding out that Lady Sue is murdered, Kurogane tells Jiro hes will not let Lady Kaede escape punishment Who rules this domain,You or Lady Kaede? I pledged fealty to you, but never to her Similar to Oswalds scene where he rips Regans paper, Kurogane kills Lady Kaede for her disobedience because he serves Jiro, displaying that his loyalty goes towards his master and no one else. There is a parity between Kurogane and Oswald, but there are also many differences as well. Oswald seems to use flattery in order to display his loyalty towards Goneril, whereas Kurogane is honest towards Jiro and will even step up to Jiro.Oswalds loyalty seems cowardly since he hides behind a shadow of lies and Kuroganes loyalty is sincere and generally, more positive. Oswald and Kuroganes roles provide influence towards the downfall of the tragic hero and create a progression towards the tragedy. Since they have a negative impact on the storyline, they help puff up the audiences perspective on the tragedy that is yet to happen. In conclusion, the two movies run many comparisons and contrasts that approach from two distinct cultures.The four characters Oswald along with Kurogane and Tango along with Kent, can relate with and differ against each other. All these characters carry traits of loyalty towards their masters, while each individual can be class as either good or evil. These characters enlighten the tragedy that both directors portrayed through the plot. Oliviers King Lear, and Kurosawas Ran is comprised of multiple themes that are interpret during the films, but the theme wit h the most significance towards the storyline and the tragedy is loyalty.King Lear LoyaltyEastern and Western Perspectives on Loyalty Loyalty is a strong feeling of support and allegiance in which it is reflected upon two proclaimed movies with different setting and subplots, but possesses a similar understanding to what the writer was trying to convey. By watching Oliviers King Lear, and Kurosawas Ran, the audience finds there are many themes that are portrayed throughout each movie, but the one that provides the largest impact within the plot has to be loyalty. King Lear displays the meaning of loyalty in a western approach with high class Elizabethan characters as its main cast.The second movie, Ran, is based on an eastern society with conflicting warlords who rule during a particular era. With their differences, also come their similarities. Many characters within their respective movies all share one common analogy, that one should be loyal and faithful to their master. Since t he concepts of the two movies are similar, the characters and their roles would parallel each other as well. Lord Hidetoras advocate, Tango and King Lears Earl, Kent have one attribute in common that they both serve their king with devotion.The Earl of Kents loyalty is shown during the movie after he is banished by King Lear for opposing the idea of disowning his youngest daughter, Cordelia. Kent proves this when he disguises himself as a normal citizen, to obtain proximity with the king. Most men would leave the kingdom, never to return but Kent proves differently. Aside, Kent reveals his plan Now, banished Kent, If thou canst serve where thou dost stand condemned, So may it come thy master, whom thou lovest, Shall find thee full of labors. (I. iv. 24. 4) This quote explains that even though his master condemned him, he is loyal and still willing to serve King Lear.From there, he gains King Lears trust as Caius and works to aid him throughout the rest of the play. Kents honesty is also a big role when serving King Lear, since he helps the King to understand his faults about banishing Cordelia from his kingdom, acting as a voice of reason. Hes not afraid to stand up to the King, because he holds King Lears best interest at heart even before his own. Kent is very selfless when it comes to his relationship with King Lear, and without prompting would end his own life to continue serving his King even in the afterlife.Kent tells the Duke of Albany I have a journey, sir, shortly to go. My master calls me. I must not say no. (V. iii. 17. 340) Kent decides to continue serving his king and denies the request from the Duke of Albany to help revive the kingdom that King Lear once ruled. Parallel to Kent from King Lear, Tango from Ran also had a similar role as Lord Hidetoras loyal advocate. Tango is banished from Lord Hidetoras domain because of his negativism towards his Lords decision to banish Saburo, since he did not want to deceive his father like his elder broth ers.Tango left Hidetoras domain, but did not feel it was right to leave his Lord since he made a pledge to serve him, no matter the situation. Tango returns to Lord Hidetora when Hidetora is in need of food and supplies after he, himself is banished from both Taro and Jiros castles. Tango explains to Lord Hidetora I, Tango Hirayama, though banished have followed my lord in disguise. Seeing how you suffer, I beg to offer you these provisions. This quote displays that the relationship between Lord Hidetora and Kent are more than servant and Lord and that the trust between the two of them go far beyond even Lord Hidetora and his own sons.From that part in time, Tango stays with Hidetora for the remainder of the movie while they endure the agony and suffering that tie into the tragedy. The differences between the characters are the strength of their loyalty towards their masters. Kents perspective of loyalty is more extreme, since he is willingly to die for King Lear and follow him ete rnally. Kent puts his service towards his master as his top priority which is more important than his own life. Tangos approach is more subtle, since he does not take extreme precaution when returning to his King after his banishment, but Tango still has a strong sense of loyalty.Kent and Tangos roles within each movie are very significant towards the tragedy. It helps the audience see there are genuine characters within the movies that are not influential towards the tragedy. The loyalty that is instilled within the two characters cause a positive flexure within the tragedy by helping eliminate the conflict more than continuing the progression towards it. Unlike the positive effect that Kent and Tango had on the plot, Oswald and Kurogane both serve their antagonistic masters, Goneril and Jiro.Oswald shows his full allegiance to Goneril he even disobeys King Lears attempt to talk to his daughter during Kents arrival to the Gonerils castle and denies Regans offer to join her side, al so ripping up her letter in the process. Oswald serves Goneril with utter loyalty, but his understanding of devotion is different than a man such as Kent. Oswald explains to the Duke of Cornwall why Kent attacked him I never gave him any, It pleased the king his master very late To strike at me upon his misconstructionWhen he, conjunct and flattering his displeasure, Tripped me behind being down, insulted, railed, And put upon him such a deal of man That worthied him, got praises of the king For him attempting who was self-subdued. And in the fleshment of this dread exploit Drew on me here again. (II. ii. 5. 110) The fight between Kent and Oswald is symbolic, showing a battle between good and evil. Kents loyalty is trustworthy but Oswald is a sycophant who attempts to win over people with his insincerely flattery to get what he wants, similar to his master Goneril.Kurogane is parallel to Oswald with both of them serving the main antagonists of the movies. Kurogane is very loyal to Jiro, acting as his voice of reason when Jiro becomes extremely influenced by Lady Kaede and tries to take over Lady Sues position as his wife. When Lady Kaede asks Jiro to slay Lady Sue and bring back her head, Kurogane comes back with a head of a statue, After finding out that Lady Sue is murdered, Kurogane tells Jiro hes will not let Lady Kaede escape punishment Who rules this domain,You or Lady Kaede? I pledged fealty to you, but never to her Similar to Oswalds scene where he rips Regans paper, Kurogane kills Lady Kaede for her disobedience because he serves Jiro, displaying that his loyalty goes towards his master and no one else. There is a comparison between Kurogane and Oswald, but there are also many differences as well. Oswald seems to use flattery in order to display his loyalty towards Goneril, whereas Kurogane is honest towards Jiro and will even step up to Jiro.Oswalds loyalty seems cowardly since he hides behind a shadow of lies and Kuroganes loyalty is sincere and g enerally, more positive. Oswald and Kuroganes roles provide influence towards the downfall of the tragic hero and create a progression towards the tragedy. Since they have a negative impact on the storyline, they help magnify the audiences perspective on the tragedy that is yet to happen. In conclusion, the two movies contain many comparisons and contrasts that approach from two distinct cultures.The four characters Oswald along with Kurogane and Tango along with Kent, can relate with and differ against each other. All these characters carry traits of loyalty towards their masters, while each individual can be classified as either good or evil. These characters enlighten the tragedy that both directors portrayed through the plot. Oliviers King Lear, and Kurosawas Ran is comprised of multiple themes that are depicted during the films, but the theme with the most significance towards the storyline and the tragedy is loyalty.

Research Papaer

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background to the aim The terms youth, adolescent, adolescent, and young plurality atomic number 18 completely utilize to describe people in the phase of flavor that marks the conversion from tykehood to adulthood. While in that respect is universal agreement on the modulation from boorhood to adolescence, when exactly adolescence ends and adulthood begins is less clear as the stage of adolescence is culture-specific and at that placefore different in every society. In few cultures, the transition from teenr to adult could be very short, plot of ground, in other cultures it could be longer (Govindasamy et al. 2002). The World health Organization (WHO, 2009) defines adolescents as people venerable 10-19 youth as those ancient in the midst of 15-24 and young people as those aged between 10 and 24 age oldish and juveniler as people aged 13-19 years. Traore (2010) agrees that age has been employ to differentiate adolescents from jejun ers ground on their physical development. This break down, however, prefer to take young-bearing(prenominal)s in the age group between 13 to 19 years as puerilers. In this depicted object of force, the term teenrs was employ without. The incidence of juvenile gestation period remains lofty around the world.According to Nanda (2006), adolescent females give birth to 15 whiz thousand million infants every year. Thus, immature motherliness is a have-to doe with from both a human rights and a public health perspective. Teenage motherliness and its effect on jejuned motherhood ar among the major societal problems confronting the contemporary global community (Gatara & Muriuki, 2005). In Ghana, for example, 1 report estimates that n proto(prenominal) one-third of the childbirths recorded in public hospitals occurred to women under 19 years of age (Xinhua, 2006).The preponderance is higher in the rural aras and small- to-medium- size of itd towns which are often unde r-represented in the hospital birth statistics. A survey conducted by the UN Regional Institute for Population Studies report that one out of three girls aged 15 to 19 living in Ghanas key Region has had a child (Xinhua, 2006). Similar prevalence of adolescent pregnancies have been described for other African countries (Mwansa et aI. , 2004). One consider in Swaziland make that females aged 15-19 years accounted for 32. per cent of the total fertility (Gule, 2005). A nonher study reported that females in the same age group contributed 103 births per 1000 women in the Kenya (Gatara & Muriuki, 2005). It has been estimated that at to the lowest degree one out of twenty girls is likely to give birth during the rail-going age. Data for Botswana akin(predicate)ly show that by 2004, nigh 25 percent of girls 15-19 years old were already mothers (Curtis, 2008). Two years after, in 2006, 56 per cent of the girls had dropped out of secondary schools in the country callable to motherl iness (Mashalaba, 2009).On explaining the factors that contribute to teen maternal quality, (Anderson, 2001) establish that in short(p) neighbourhoods, adolescents experience less controller over many aspects of their lives than the non- lamentable.. Anderson (2001) has further reported that about impoverished teenage girls consider childbirth as a rare source of self-esteem, or a sign of growing up, while finish upual conquest brings a feeling of accomplishment to some teenage boys to whom legitimate opportunities whitethorn be blocked (Farley, 2005). The treatment of teenage gestation and childbirth therefore, ranges to characterise the problem as mainly a feature of the poor segment of society.Besides, a literary productions re learn (Lewis, 2006 2009) shows that aside poverty, factors much(prenominal) as early mental picture to intimate activity, over seek of sex nurture, weak rebootal control and supervision, colleague pressing, low self-esteem and the need for self-fulfillment are associated with teenage motherhood. It is in light of these factors that this study seeks to prise the factors that enamour teenage pregnancy and their effects in the Sunyani Municipality in order to help construct _or_ system of government makers address the problem. 1. 2 Problem StatementTeenage pregnancy has long been a worldwide loving and informational concern for the developed, maturation and underdeveloped countries. Many countries continue to experience high incidence of teenage pregnancy despite the intervention strategies that have been put in place. In 2000 approximately 530,000 teenagers in the United States became meaning(a), out of which 51% gave birth (Coley & Chase-Lansdale, 2008). Available lit suggests that in Africa, the total fertility rate has falld to an average of 2. 9 children per cleaning lady (Dickson, 2002).A decline in fertility rates has been associated with a high use of contraceptives among women and alike the legalisat ion of abortion in nigh African countries (Swartz, 2002). Despite the decline in the total fertility rate, teenage pregnancy has been demonstrate to be significantly high (Dickson, 2002). The high prevalence of teenage pregnancy in societies characterised by poverty, low education, fewer job opportunities and families headed by mothers who gave birth to their startle children in adolescence (Dryfoos, 2006 Macleod, 2009).Teenage pregnancy is also associated with other problematic behaviours such as alcohol and drug use, and early initiation of sexual activity, which have been identified as predictors of pregnancy (Coley & Chase-Lansdale, 2008). Plant and Plant (2002) argue that risk or problem behaviour is associated with social dis receipts, poverty, homelessness, un participation, bad housing, fragmented family structure and stressful life events. The youth emulate the behaviour of their parents and of their society, thus social and cultural factors entice patterns of risk tak ing (Plant & Plant, 2002).The high incidence of teenage pregnancy has become a major societal and educational concern, as it seems to perpetuate poverty and low levels of education (Furstenberg et al. , 2007 Morgan, 2007). Also due to changing social circumstances and respects, teenage pregnancy is a tolerated phenomenon in modern Ghanaian society. Social permissiveness towards sex outside marriage, and absence of sobering social repercussions like isolation or forcing out following an out of wedlock birth, contribute to the high rate of teenage pregnancy (Parekh & De La Rey, 2007).It has also been argued by Preston-Whyte and Zondi (2002) that the high value placed on fertility and education encourages adolescent girls to aspire for both motherhood and academic qualifications. The high cultural value placed on education and fertility is seen as a contributory factor to the prevalence of teenage pregnancy (Preston-Whyte & Zondi, 2002). Education and the link transaction prospects enhances the s press cuttingtle of improved quality of life and thus may be one of the factors that encourage adolescent to continue with school after child birth (Kaufman et al. , 2001).Even though pregnant teenagers may not officially be prevented from be at school, realistically, due to the demands of parenting, they may be forced to drop out of school, for example, in instances where there is no one to look after the child while the teenage mother continues with her schooling. whatever snips the pregnant teenager feels isolated from her peers. She may be embarrassed by her condition and have difficulty fitting in with her non-pregnant peers and as a result may drop out of school. Parenting teenagers often have to broadcast with distortioned family relationships. Some cadences parents react with anger to the pregnant teenagers.She may be blamed or ostracised for causing a problem (Cervera, 2004). Consequently, she may not maintain assistance and support from her family me mbers forcing her to drop out of school in order to raise her child. Based on the aforementioned problems and its effect on the teenager, child, family and the society, this study seeks to assess the factors that influence teenage pregnancy and their effects in the Sunyani Municipality in order to help policy makers address the problem. It has been launch that there has not been any similar study concerning teenage pregnancy and their effects on teenagers at the Sunyani Zongo community.Although there have been countless cases of teenage pregnancy in the community depriving affected teenagers from furthering their prefatorial education. The aged in the community establish on interaction with the look intoer revealed that people come to the community to seek the support of the residents in response to their questionnaires, their projects aimed at other relevant community related problems but none of them is focus oned on teenage pregnancy. 1. 3 Justification of the Study Little at tention has been inclined to psychological variables and processes that predict the occurrence of teenage pregnancy (Coley & Chase-Lansdale, 2008).Most literature focuses on social factors, which predispose teenagers to falling pregnant. gestation period may cause psychological distress, as it is often associated with dropping out of school, either onward or shortly after childbirth (Zondi, 2002). Teenage mothers are more likely to present with symptoms of first gear when compared with their non-parenting peers and older mothers (Kalil & Kunz, 2000). The transition to motherhood puts teenagers at a greater risk for psychological distress because they are socially, cognitively and emotionally immature to cope with the demands of motherhood.This study examines the experiences of pregnant learners, both in a scholastic and personal context. It assesses how these learners are affected by the demands of coexisting motherhood and adolescence. in that respect appears to be little in quiry done on how Ghanaian pregnant adolescent learners perceive their authority and how they cope with the demands of adolescence and of motherhood. The results drawn from the study would form a basis for further search on the psychological effects of pregnancy during teenagers and may also be of value to building intervention strategies. 1. 4 Research ObjectivesThe study think on the following objectives. 1. 5 General Objective To assess the factors that influence teenage pregnancy and their effects in the Sunyani Municipality (SM) in order to recommend policy actions for policy makers. 1. 5. 1 Specific objectives This study intended To assess the influence of socio- economic status on teenage pregnancy To identify the effect of peer pressure on teenage pregnancy and To examine passel media exposure and its effect on teenage pregnancy. To assess the effects of teenage pregnancy in the Sunyani Municipality. To make recommendations based on the findings of the study. . 5 Resea rch Questions Based on the specific objectives of the study, the search seeks answers to the following questions What is the influence and effects of socio-economic status on teenage pregnancy in the SM? What are the influences and effects of peer pressure on teenage pregnancy in the SM? How does the nap media exposure impact on teenage pregnancy? What are the consequences of teenage pregnancy in the Sunyani Municipality? 1. 6 Significance of the Study The outcome of this study bequeath digest useful selective knowledge active the psychological sanitary-being of pregnant teenagers.This will assist mental health professionals in developing appropriate psycho-educational programmes to address the psychosocial challenges associated with teenage pregnancy and motherhood. Furthermore, the findings of the study will help to inform public debate that could lead to the development of appropriate policies on how to deal with the challenge of teenage pregnancy and motherhood. Also vic tims of teenage pregnancy will get the opportunity to disclose information or so their experiences in order to help in their addressing problems.Considering the nature of this study, including student affairs professionals, counsellors or psychologists, and those concerned in womans issues would be assisted to identify the factors associated with teenage pregnancy in the Sunyani Municipality and their effects on the teenager, the child and the society. Future researchers, who would study into determinants of teenage pregnancy in the Municipality, would also have a complement or a basis for their literature review. Finally, the research is likely to raise questions leash to further research. 1. 7 oscilloscope of the StudyFor feasibility purposes, the study foc utilize on how socio-economic status peer pressure and early exposure to sexual activity by the mass media influence teenage pregnancy and their effects on the teenager, child and the society. The study considered school goi ng teenagers who dropped out of school due to teenage pregnancy in the Sunyani Municipality. In the study, a pregnant teenager was pregnant girl aged 13 to 19 years. Besides, psychological effects in this study referred to the presence of symptoms related to somatic complaints, trouble and insomnia, social isolation, and depression.The current study focused on pregnant teenagers who were drawn from the Sunyani Municipality who attended antenatal clinic (ANC) at the Sunyani Municipal Hospital (SMH) during the period of data collection. 1. 7 Delimitation Even though the study was carried out in Sunyani Municipality, concentproportionn was on teenagers at Sunyani Zongo community considering the fact that they have stake in the offspring understudy. This research was conducted within the following parameters the influence and effects of socio-economic status on teenage pregnancy he influence and effects of peer pressure on teenage pregnancy the influence and effects of mass media expo sure on teenage pregnancy the consequences of teenage pregnancy on teenagers. 1. 8 Organisation of the Ch ingeniousers The research is in five different chapters. In the first chapter, an insight is given as to what the study is all about with the statement of research problem, research questions and objectives, import of the study, limitations of the study, and the organization of the essay. In the second chapter, an overview of relevant materials related to the study is discussed.In the third chapter, the researcher presents the methodology used in the study chapter 4 will focus on the presentation and analysis of data, and the final chapter will look at the conclusions and recommendations. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Introduction This chapter reviewed several selected studies which relate to the topic. The chapter focused on literature related to socio-economic status and teenage pregnancy peer pressure and teenage pregnancy, mass media exposure and teenage pregnancy as w ell as the effects of teenage pregnancy 2. 2 Socio-economic status and Teenage PregnancyIt has been revealed that teenage pregnancy is often associated with low socio-economic status ( Dryfoos, 2006). Economically disadvantaged teenagers are characterised by low levels of education and lack of employment opportunities (Preston-Whyte & Zondi, 2002). Certain family characteristics have also been identified as factors that put teenagers at risk of becoming pregnant in early life. Factors such as poverty, single parent families especially the female headed planetary houses, poorly educated parents have been associated with teenage pregnancy (Furstenberg et al. , 2007).Teenagers from one-parent headed families are apt to see from deprivations that may lead them to seek affection, security and a sense of significance elsewhere (Chillman, 2006). There are two contrasting views on the overt of single parenting. In some sources it is argued that intimately parenting adolescents have been found to come from impoverished single parent families, which are often headed by a female (Swartz, 2002). In the other source, children raised in single parent families are more likely to have been victims of an unstable family environment, have experienced a break or parental conflict (Russell, 2004).Negative family environment plays a major routine in contributing to early teenage sexual experience and teenage pregnancy (Cunningham & Boult, 2002 Macleod, 2009). A familys low economic status with all the factors associated with it, impacts negatively on teenagers attitudes towards early pregnancy. Life experiences associated with poverty minimise the comprehend repercussions of adolescent pregnancy (Preston-Whyte & Zondi, 2002). Andorka (2008) stated that people with higher income show lower fertility levels at the earlier stage of socioeconomic development than people with lower income.Other basics of economic conditions such as economic security also seem to have a significa nt influence on teenage pregnancy (Andorka, 2008). A study by Kamal (2009) showed that a significant negative relation was found between teenage motherhood and the wealth index. About three out of four women with a poor wealth index started childbearing before they reached the age of nineteen. Choe et al. (2001) showed that womans education was significantly related to the probability of child bearing before the age of 20.The results of a study by Were (2007) also showed that teenage pregnancies were perpetuated by poor educational rag as women with low levels of education tended to be the victims of teenage birth. Because educated woman were more likely to participate in the labour force than their uneducated or lower educated counterparts, women who were serveing also tended to quell their first marriage and first birth compared with those women who were not working. In Ghana, Bogue (2009) argue that education showed a fast(a)er and more consistent relationship with teenage pr egnancy.The level of education of women is a socioeconomic indicator which is frequently found to be negatively related to teenage pregnancy. This is because educated women tend to marry and use contraception later compared to women who have a low level of education (Bongaarts, 2008). Furthermore, Cochrane (2009) also stated that education was positively related to more favourable attitudes toward birth control, greater familiarity of contraception, and husband-wife communication. Thus, concerning the context of the study, it assumes that the level of educational attainment of women may affect the timing of childbearing among women. . 3 Peer Pressure and Teenage Pregnancy Preston-Whyte & Zondi (2002) found that schoolmates exerted a lot of pressure on their peers to engage in sexual relations. Some studies have found that teenagers often cite their peers as being of strong influence on their sexual behaviour (Preston-Whyte & Zondi, 2002 Chillman, 2006). Teenagers need for approval and a desire to belong to a group makes them vulnerable to peer influence thereby leading to them to teenage pregnancy (Kamal, 2009). Nowadays teenagers preferred position is to stay away(p) from their parents, to avoid to be controlled by parents.They rather listen to their peers than to their parents. Bezuidenhout (2002) utter that during that time norms and value taught by parents start to fade out and are replaced by liberal sexual determine orientated by peers. Preston-Whyte and Zondi (2002) mentioned that peer pressure plays a role in teenage pregnancy. Buga et al. (2006) found that 20% of girls and 10% of boys respectively indicated that they had initiated sexual activity because of peer pressure. Wood et al. (2006) utter peer pressure takes a form of exclusionary practices (e. g. sending sexually inexperienced teenagers away when having discussions concerning sexual matters).Again Mfono (2008) indicated that one of the dynamics operative in sexual relations is that girls and young women are under pressure to demonstrate that they are sexually capable of giving birth. Furthermore, Rozakis (2003) conceptualised that many teens are pushed by their friends into doing something they are not ready for, and really do not image that peer pressure can be a very strong and persuasive force for sexual relations during adolescence. Peer association has been indicated as one of the strongest predictors of adolescent sexual behaviour and teenage pregnancy (DiBlasio & Benda, 2004).Youth that do not engage in sex tend to have friends who also abstain. Those that are sexually nimble tend to believe that their friends are sexually active as well. Males, particularly those over 16, report more pressure from peers to be sexually active while females report more pressure from partners (Guggino & Ponzetti, 2007). Moore and Rosenthal (2003) pointed to the following ways peer influence can die hard Through sharing of information, which can serve as a guide in decision -making about sex (this may include inaccurate information).Through prevailing attitudes about grammatical gender (implicitly reflected in their behaviour and serving as a role model or explicitly stated in discussions etc. ). For example, there is some research evidence that the age of first parley is related to the perceived peer approval of pre matrimonial intercourse (Daugherty & Burger, 2004). 2. 4 Mass media exposure and Teenage Pregnancy Lucas (2004) stated that the age at first marriage is the one of the determinants of fertility and is secerned as the intercourse variable. Early entry into marriage or a union is considered to be strongly connected with early child bearing.The supposition is that it will expose women to regular sexual intercourse through the mass media, and therefore increase the possibility of conception (Mahy & Gupta, 2002). Gupta and Leite (2009) stated that access to the media was found to be the most significant predictor of fertility among young adu lt women in Brazil based on an analysis of DHS data. In this region, the mass media are believed to play an important role in promoting social attitudes about fertility and reproductive behaviours, especially given the countrys linguistic homogeneousness (Gupta & Leite, 2009).It can be assumed that women who are used to being exposed to mass media are likely to understand the risks of teenage motherhood, and, as a result, they tend to delay their pregnancies. It is clear from different sources that the media often plays a major role in influencing teenage pregnancy. Parents can hardly consistently monitor what programmes their teenagers are watching. Rozakis (2003) believed that tv set is the main source of sexual socialization in many teenagers lives in the USA.According to A Rozakis (2003), in a single year there were 20, 000 sexual messages on television used to sell almost anything you can imagine cars, travel, soft drinks, toothpaste, and clothing. Television also shows six t imes more extramarital sex than sex between husbands and wives. During the absence of any elderly person children become bored and want to experiment with many things including exploring TV channels as source of entertainment. Devenish et al. (2002) concur that the media also portray sex as fun and exciting.Bezuidenhout (2004) added that sexually arousing material, whether it is on film, in print or set to music, is freely available to the teenager and such information is often presented out of the context of the prescribed sexual norms of that society. Schultz (2004), in his empirical study, suggested that sex educators, social workers, other helping professionals, and parents should work together to stay distortions that affect adolescents sexual development and sexual growth, and professionals and parents need to recognize the reality and power of the media as an influence on sexual growth.All of the above can influence teenagers behaviour and encourage them to experiment with sex which will lead to unwanted teenage pregnancies (Schultz, 2004). Similarly, Moore and Rosenthal (2003) pointed out that television, films and other forms of media have removed a lot of the mystery surrounding sex by increasingly explicit portrayal of sexual acts, which can provide a model of sexual behaviour. The stereotyped portrayals often do not provide positive role models with hedonistic values rather than responsibility being promoted (e. g. planning for sex being rarely included) (Moore, 2000).According to McCabe (20055), the medias message is that teenagers should be sexually experienced. 2. 5 Effects of Teenage Pregnancy Teenage pregnancy has been associated with a number of negative effects, hence it is perceived as a social problem (Furstenberg et al. , 2007 Macleod, 2009). In health check literature it has been associated with obstetrics problems such as high infant and maternal mortality, risks of clandestine abortion, pitching complications and low infant birth weight (Dickson, 2002). Other complications for the teenage mother are limited educational opportunities, self-determination and a poor quality of life (Prater, 2002).At the broader social level the high teenage fertility rate has been found to have a negative effect on the economic development (Varga, 2003). Some young mothers do not get support from their families. They may be rejected by their families and blamed for introducing a permanent crisis (Hudson & Ineichen, 2001 Cervera, 2004). In a situation where there was a pre-existing interpersonal problem, there is a potential that tension might be orchestrated (Dryfoos, 2006). Therefore conflict may break between the pregnant daughter and other members of the family.Some sources have reported positive results, indicating that sometimes a family reorganises itself in order to adjust to the new member of the family (Cervera, 2004). The family may react with dismay or anger when they discover about the pregnancy, but when the baby is born the family may become the source of support for the mother (Moore, 2000). verifying family support has been associated with emotional adjustment and mental stability for both mother and child (Camerana et al. , 2008). According to Kalil and Kunz (20088) young mothers who lived with a supportive family tended to cope better.In the Ghanaian context, a child of an unmarried mother belongs to its mothers family (Burman, 2002). It is very unlikely that her family will reject a teenage mother (Kaufman et al. , 2001). Most communities no longer practice acts of exclusion to the unmarried mother and her child (Parekh & De La Rey, 2007). In her review of South African studies on teenage pregnancy, Macleod (20099) stated that teenage mothers reported a perceived improvement in the relationship with their parents. Parents were reported to relate to teenage mothers as adults. Thus parenthood gave the teenage mothers an entry to adulthood (Preston-Whyte & Zondi, 2002).Prater (2002) stat ed that teenage pregnancy and subsequent parenting could create major obstacles to any learners achievements at school. Thus, pregnant learners are impaired by their situation. Even though they have as much potential for academic success as their non-parenting cohorts, there are multidimensional causes for their academic failure. Many investigations have shown that early pregnancy hinders educational attainment. Erikson (2004) reported that teenage mothers exhibited a syndrome of failure, which included a failure to remain in school. Pregnant learners are more likely to drop out of school for at least an academic year.The dual role of being a mother and a learner is stressful (Parekh & De La Rey, 2007) and impinges on school achievement. teach attendance, is also disturbed by such things as babysitting arrangements and the health of the child. Furstenberg et al. (2007) referred to what is termed role overload. He defined role overload as the strain that exists when the teenage moth er simultaneously attempts to meet the demands of parenting and schooling. Parenting learners cannot participate in experiences enjoyed by their peers, for example, extra-curricular activities, which can add much value to the total school experience of most teenagers.Despite these hardships schooling emerged as important (Prater, 2002). Depression has been correlated with teenage pregnancy (Hamburg, 2006). Parenting teenagers are more likely to present with higher levels of depression when compared with non-parenting adolescents and older mothers. In most literature psychological distress among adolescent mothers is perceived as resulting from psychosocial stressors related to the adjustment into the role of being the mother (Kalil & Kunz, 2000). In some literature it is argued that teenage girls are predisposed to depression (Galambos, 2004).It is postulated that teenage girls are more prone to experiencing mothers of the same ethnic and socio-economic status had similar findings ( issue et al. , 2006 Hudson & Ineichen, 2001). It was found that infants of teenage mothers are more likely to receive less verbal stimulation and to have developmental delays. These negative effects were associated with the fact that teenage mothers had limited knowledge of developmental milestones and held punitive child rearing attitudes. books concludes that teenage mothering is contributory to poor cognitive development of the child.Low education levels of the mother, poor socioeconomic status and negative attitudes towards child rearing are correlated with the childs poor developmental outcome ( written report et al. , 2006). Cunningham and Boult (2006) also postulated that the young mothers immaturity, social inexperience and lack of child rearing skills have a negative effect on the child. The young mother and her off-spring are at a risk of becoming victims of law-breaking like incest, rape, neglect, abuse, family violence and of participation in criminal activities such as drug trafficking, prostitution etc.In the Ghanaian context the teenage mother often resides in her parental home (Preston-Whyte & Zondi, 2002) and the child is often in the care of an adult during the day either the grandmother or at an alternative day care. This implies that the child of a teenager is more than likely to receive parenting from an adult mother figure and to benefit from this interaction (Camerana et al. , 2008). Multiple care giving has also been found to be of benefit for the mother. While an adult is looking after the child, the mother gets the opportunity to attend to other responsibilities thus alleviating the stressors for the mother (Yozi, 2003).It is beneficial for both the teenage mother and her child and consequently children who are raised in their mothers parental home are more likely not to suffer the detrimental consequences associated with teenage mothering. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3. 0 Introduction The purpose of this chapter was to discuss the m ethodology followed to collect and analyse data for the purpose of answering the research questions mentioned in chapter one of this study. The rationale for the use of a specific methodology was discussed. 3. 1 Study Area 3. 1. 1 Location and SizeSunyani Municipality is one of the twenty-two administrative districts in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. It lies between Latitudes 70 20N and 70 05N and Longitudes 20 30W and 2010W and shares boundaries with Sunyani West soil to the North, Dormaa District to the West, Asutifi District to the South and Tano North District to the East. There are effective economic and social interactions with the neighbouring districts which promote resource flow among these districts. The municipality has a total land area of 829. 3 Square Kilometres (320. 1square miles). 3. 1. Population Size and increase rate SMA had a population of 260,924 with growth rate of 3. 8 percent (PHC, 2010). The male female ratio is of 50. 4 females to 49. 6 males, thus the sex ratio of the municipality is 1 Male 1. 01 Females. The percentage of female teenagers in the municipality is 12. 3% (PHC, 2010). 3. 1. 3 Household Characteristics 26 percent of households in the municipality have 1-3 persons making up a household, 45. 3 percent have 4-6 persons, and 22. 7 percent 7-9. Also the least composition has 4 percent and 2 percent for 10-12 and 13-15 respectively (PHC, 2010).The municipality has an average household size of 4. Comparing the municipalitys average household size of 4 to the national average household size of 5. 1, the average household size of the municipality is low. 3. 1. 4 Literacy Levels Given the criterion that persons aged 15 years and above who complete basic school (Primary, JSS or Middle school level) are literates, the survey revealed that about 76 percent of the population of the municipality is literates. The municipality can therefore be said to be highly literate when compared to the national average of 53. percent. This sit uation allows for majority of people to understand and get involved in the development process of the municipality. 3. 2 Study Design The study design is descriptive cross-sectional. Descriptive cross-sectional design provided clarification and description of accurate information about factors influencing teenage pregnancy and the effects of teenage pregnancy. This study design was used because according to Majova (2002), in descriptive cross-sectional research there is no manipulation of subjects. The researcher measures things as they are.Besides, descriptive cross-sectional study provides answers to the research question. Finally, Ntsholo (2002) believes that this design is suitable in cases where time and resources are limited. 3. 3 Study Population A teenager according to Collins English Dictionary (1998557) is a person aged from 13 to 19 years of age. The study population from this research point of view defines a pregnant teenager as a school going person between the ages of 13 and 19 who took a pregnancy test and the results are positive, which means she is pregnant.According to the 2010 Population and Housing census, there are 1086 school-going women of this age range in the Sunyani Municipality, representing 22. 1 percent of all women in fertility age. 3. 4 Sampling Methods and Sample Size The researcher used both non-probability and probability sampling methods for the study. For non-probability sampling, the researcher used convenience sampling method. For the convenience sampling, the researcher used pregnant teenage girls that were easily accessible and were willing to participate in a study.This helped to save time and money. Besides, for the probability sampling, the researcher employed a simple random sampling. For the sampling random sampling, the researcher will write Yes and No on pieces of nicely cut hard cardboard papers and give them to the respondents who will be at the antenatal clinic (ANC). All respondents who will choose Yes were gi ven the questionnaire upon their consent to partake in the study. This procedure was repeated for the entire three weeks of data collection until the sample size of was sampled.Using the formula for computing sample size (Epi-Info version 7. 09. 34), this formula was used N=t? *p(q)/ d? Where N = required sample size t = Confidence level at 95% (standard value of 1. 96) p = Estimated prevalence of teenage pregnancy in the Sunyani Municipality (17%= 0. 17) d = level of precision at 5% (standard value of 0. 05) q=1-p Hence, n= (1. 96)? ? 0. 17 (1-0. 17) ? (0. 05)? n= 3. 8416 ? 0. 17 (0. 83) ? 0. 0025 n=0. 0. 54204976/0. 0025 n= 216. 82 ? 217 An additional sample size of 23 (10. %) was added to take care of attrition. In all, 240 eligible respondents were supposed to be sampled. For lack of time, the researcher used half of 240 (120) for the study. However, this sample size (120) was large enough to make room for generalization and non-response error having taken care of attrition. 3. 5 Data Collection Methods 3. 5. 1 Questionnaire The instrument used was a self designed structured questionnaire titled Questionnaire on Teenage Pregnancy. The questionnaire was divided into three major parts of A and B.Part A is do up of the bio-data otherwise known as the personal data of the respondents which comprises of age, location, educational level, religion and current occupation. Part B of the instrument was made to elicit responses from teenage mothers in order to test and discuss the research questions raised. The researcher administered the instrument with the assistance of nurses at hospitals on subjects that came for antenatal clinic. The use of nurses was sought to allow for professionalism as they would be able to know through the personal data of their clients the sample sought for.The researcher also used teenagers at the Sunyani Zongo community. In this study, the researcher used questionnaire as a method of collecting data because it has an advantage that th e researcher can reach large number of respondents at the same time. Besides, the questionnaire serves two purposes. Firstly, it translated the research objectives into specific questions the answers provided the data inevitable to answer the research question. The second purpose was to motivate the respondent to communicate the required information. The researcher used close -ended questionnaire.This has an advantage in that it eliminated irrelevant responses and allowed respondents to focus on most important issues at hand and saved time. The questionnaire is quick, efficient and relatively easy to administer. 3. 5. 2 Document/Literature Review Besides, the tools for secondary data were search engines such as Hinari, Pubmed, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Furthermore, books from the University College and Kwame Nkrumah University of Science Technology (KNUST) depository library as well as newspaper articles online on teenage pregnancy w ere used. 3. 5. Study Variables The dependent variable in this study was teenage pregnancy. That is, a teenager who pregnant at the time of the study. Besides, the following dependent variables have been selected for the analysis 1. There were four demographic variables which are expected to have an effect on teenage pregnancy teenagers current age, religion, location, and current occupation. Peer pressure and exposure to mass media will also be considered as factors influencing teenage pregnancy as independent variables. 2. Socio-economic variables were considered to influence the prevalence of teenage pregnancy.There were seven socio-economic variables womens education, husbands education, religion, type of place of residence, wealth index, working status, and media exposure index. control board 1 Study Variables VariablesOperational DefinitionData Collection Methods Objective 1 Socio-economic status Economically disadvantaged teenagers are characterized by Low levels of educatio n Lack of employment opportunities Female headed households Poorly educated parents Structured questionnaire Literature review Objective 2 Peer pressureSchoolmates exerting a lot of pressure on their peers to engage in sexual relations.Teenagers need for approval and a desire to belong to a group. Structured questionnaire Literature review Objective 3 Mass media exposureThe type of photograph and its correlation with sexual intercourse. Access to the media and teenage pregnancy. TV channels teenagers normally watch as source of entertainment. Structured questionnaire Literature review Objective 4 Effects of teenage pregnancy. Isolation Depression School drop rate Poor quality of lifeStructured questionnaire RecommendationsRecommendations for policy makers, municipal health directorate, future researchers and NGOsLiterature review stemma Researchers Construction, 2012 . 6 Data Analysis Method In this study, quantitative method of data analysis was used. Firstly, demographic variabl es were assigned numerical values since these responses did not have a quantitative relationship. Data was analysed using chi-square. In order to test the association between teenage pregnancy and some selected demographic and socio-economic characteristics of respondents among teenagers, univariate analyses including descriptive statistics of relevant variables was done. Then, this was followed by more complex analyses which comprise bivariate and multivariate analyses, in particular, he Chi Square Test and Binary logistic regression. All of the statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20. 0 software. 3. 7 Ethical Consideration Ethical clearance was first sought from the Faculty of Public Health and Allied Sciences, Ethics Committee Board of Catholic University College of Ghana, which offered an ethical backing for the study. Informed permission was also sought from the District Director of Health Services, the District Public Health Unit, and the head of institutions of the various health facilities used for the study.All procedures in accordance with the ethical standards of the Ghanaian Ministry of Health were followed. Every respondent was assured of confidentiality of the information given and that the information was meant scientific purposes only. Voluntary participation of the respondents was ensured. Finally, all secondary data were duly documented in the text and the reference list. 3. 8 Limitations of the Study The researcher go about a number of constraints in this study considering the fact that outsiders were involved in the study.Factors such as time allotted for the study, combining studies and research, fiscal constraints and hiring of research assistance impeded the success of this study. Considering the fact that Catholic University College of Ghana, Fiapre library is not well stocked it became necessary for the researcher to search for extra materials on factors that influence teenage pregnancy and their effects outside the university. CHAPTER FOUR 4. 0 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS OF DATA AND DISCUSSIONS 4. 1 Presentation and Analysis This chapter analyzed the data self-contained from the field using the stated objectives as a guide.Considerably, the analysis was grouped into bio data and the main data. With the main data emphasis was on socio-economic status of teenage mothers, peer pressure and teenage pregnancy, effects of mass media on teenage pregnancy and effects of teenage pregnancy. 4. 1. 1 Section A Demographic consider 1 Distribution of Respondents by Age Source expanse Work, 2013 Inferring to figure 1, 24% (n=29) of the respondents were within 13-15 years while 58% (n=69) were also within 16-19 and 5 %(n=6) were within the range of 22-25. Additionally, table 1 further explained that %4 (n=5) were within 28-31 with 5% (n=6) also within 34-37 years.Meanwhile, table 1 noted that the remaining 4% (n=5) were 34+. hold over 2 Distribution of Respondents by Educational Background AgefrequencyPercent age JHS/SHS11092 Nurses training college 76 University 32 Total120100 Source Field Work, 2013 Table 1, observed that 92% (n=110) of the respondents were still in JSHS/SHS while 6% (n=7) also attended nurses training school with the remaining 2% (n=3) been university graduates. Table 3 Distribution of Respondents by holiness Religion FrequencyPercentage Muslim 8873 Christian 3227 Total120100 Source Field Work, 2013According to table 3, 73% (n=88) of the respondents were Muslims while 27 %(n=32) were also Christians. Table 4 Distribution of Respondents by marital status Marital status FrequencyPercentage Single 9378 Married 2218 Divorced 54 Total120100 Source Field Work, 2013 Table 4 explained that 78% (n=93) of the respondents were single while 18% (n=22) were married and the remaining 4% (n=5) were also divorced. 4. 1. 2 Section B Socio-economic status of teenage mothers Source Field Work, 2013 foreshadow 2 Socio-economic status of teenage mothersAccording to figure 2, 73% (n=80) of the teenagers bring out that the socio-economic status of teenage mothers is very poor while 27% (n=30) also described the socio-economic status of teenage mothers as poor. Table 4 Social class that dominates teenage pregnancy Social classFrequencyPercentage Middle class2018 Lower class9082 Total110100 Field Work, 2013 According to figure 2, 18% (n=20) of the teenagers said teenagers from middle class families dominates teenage pregnancy while 82% (n=90) explained that children from lower class families always form a core number of teenage pregnancy related cases.Table 5 Social characteristics associated with teenage mothers Social characteristicsFrequencyPercentage Lack of medical care1514 Lack of employment2523 Social neglect109 Poverty 6054 Total 110100 Source Field Work, 2013 Table 5 indicates that 54% (n=60) of the teenagers said one main common characteristics associated with teenage pregnancy is poverty while 14% (n=15) also added lack of medical care and 23% (n=25) reve aled that lack of employment is also another problem associated with teenage pregnancy with the remaining 9% (n=10) mentioning social neglect. Source Field Work, 2013 epithet 3 means of earning a living by teenage mothers Figure 3 observed that 53% (n=58) of the teenagers used in this study divulge that teenage mothers earn a living through humble jobs while 18% (n=20) also added parental support and 29% (n=32) disclosed that teenager mothers survive through assistance from philanthropists. Source Field Work, 2013 Figure 4 Familys social status and teenage pregnancy All the 110 teenagers used in this study representing 100% responding affirmative meaning they strongly believe that familys social status can impact negatively on teenagers attitude towards early pregnancy.Section C peer pressure and teenage pregnancy Table 6 Contribution of peers towards teenage pregnancy Peer pressureFrequencyPercentage Sexual influence8073 Obscene material provided by friends 3027 Total110100 Sour ce Field Work, 2013 Table 6 shows that 73 %( n=80) of the respondents said they were influenced by their peers to engage in sexual relationships whereas 27% (n=30) also mentioned obscene materials provided by friends. Table 7 Moving With PeersPeer pressureFrequencyPercentage Yes 109 No 10091 Total110100 Source Field Work, 2013 With reference to table 7, 9% (n=10) of the teenagers stated categorically with Yes response indicating that they are comfortable moving with their peers while 91% (n=100) said No meaning based on what they have been through in the hands of friends they are no more comfortable with their peers. Source Field Work, 2013 Figure 5 engagement in sexual relationshipWith emphasis on figure 4, it was complete that 71% (n=78) of the teenagers responded Yes indicating that they were coerced by their peers to engage in sexual relationship while 29 % (n=32) added No implying that they were not coerced by their peers to engage in sexual relationship. Source Field Work, 201 3 Figure 6 Cause of pregnancy Figure 6 shows that 89% (n=98) of the teenagers said sexual experimentation led to their pregnancy while 11% (n=12) of them said it was as a result of genuine relationship.Table 8 Operation of Peers Operation of peersFrequencyPercentage Sharing of information6055 usual attitude about sexuality3027 Premarital intercourse2018 Total110100 Source Field Work, 2013 According to table 8 55% (n=60) of the teenagers said peers do operate by sharing information while 27% (n=30) also said peers carry out their activities through prevailing attitude about sexuality. Additionally, 18% (n=-20) also said peers operate through premarital sexual intercourse. Section D effects of mass media on teenagersTable 9 role of the mass media on teenager issues Role of mass media Frequency Percentage Educative programmes 7064 Role modeling 4036 Total 110100 Source Field Work, 2013 Table 9 shows that 64% (n=70) of the teenagers said the mass media can help teenagers pommel their plight through informative programmes while 36% (n=40) also adding by inviting role models on their talk shows. Table 10 rating the effect of mass media on teenagers Effects of mass mediaFrequencyPercentage Good109 Very bad8577 Bad1514 Total110100 Source Field Work, 2013Concerning the ratings of the effects of mass media on teenage pregnancy, 77% (n=85) of the respondents said very bad whereas 14% (n=15) added bad with the remaining 9% (n=10) good. Source Field Work, 2013 Figure 7 management of teenage pregnancy by the mass media Figure 7 shows that 55% (n=60) said doing away with obscene programmes is one major way the mass media can help overcome teenage pregnancy with 45% (n=50) explaining that developing education oriented programme for teenagers is also one other way the mass media can contribute towards the crusade over against teenage pregnancy.Table 11 mass media and management of teenage pregnancy InfluentialFrequencyPercentage TV8073 Radio2018 Magazine109 Total110100 So urce Field Work, 2013 According to table 11 revealed that 73% (n=80) said one medium that influence teenage most is TV while 18% (n=20) also disclosed that radio do influence teenagers and 9 %( n=10) were of the view that magazines have influence on the lifestyle of teenagers. Source Field Work Figure 8 Role of Parents The teenagers used in this study set up that parents have a role to play in the campaign against teenage pregnancy.As a result of that figure 7 observed that 64% (n=70) of the teenagers said one major role of parents in the fight against teenage pregnancy is by providing the needs of their children while 27% (n=30) also noted that social monitoring is another way parents can help control teenage pregnancy with the remaining 9%(n=10) adding playing their parental role. Section D Effects Teenage Pregnancy Figure 9 effects of Teenage Pregnancy Source Field Work, 2013Table 9 shows that 40% (n=4) of the nurses believed that in most cases teenage pregnancy can lead to low infant birth weight whiles 3% (n=3) also disclosed that teenage pregnancy leads to high infant mortality with 2% (n=2) adding high maternal mortality rate. Additionally, the remaining 10% (n=1) mentioned that teenage pregnancy is associated with delivery complications. Figure 10 effect of teenage pregnancy on formal education Source Field Work, 2013 According to figure 10, all the 10 nurses representing 100% disclosed that teenage pregnancy has serious effect on formal education with Yes response. Source Field Work, 2013Figure 11 Problem face by teenage mothers Figure 11 explained that 50% (n=5) of the nurses noted that one of the problems that teenage mothers go through is stigmatization whiles 40% (n=4) also said dismissal from school with the remaining 10% (n=1) stating that in most cases some parents reject their teenage children after delivery. Source Field Work, 2013 Figure 12 Problems associated with teenage babies With reference to figure 10, 80% (n=8) of the nurses said te enage babies have poor nutrition due to the unfortunate state of their mothers while 20% (n=2) added that babies from teenage mothers have poor cognitive development problem.Figure 13 Advice for teenagers Source Field Work, 2013 According to table 13, 60% (n=6) of the nurses used in this study said one of the reliable ways for teenagers to protect themselves against teenage pregnancy is through self-denial while 40% (n=4) also added it can be done through the use of condom. 4. 2 Discussions 4. 2. 1 Socio-economic status of teenage mothers Inferring to the field data majority (73%) of the teenagers disclosed that the socio-economic status of teenage mothers is very poor. In a similar study, Lesch and Krugar (2005) revealed that teenage pregnancy is often associated with low economic status.Supportively, 82% of the teenagers responded that lower class families always form a core number of teenage pregnancy related cases. In support of the respondents view Lesch and Krugar (2005) once again explained with a study on the relationship between teenage pregnancy and socio-economic status that due to high rate of poverty, teenagers from low class families are faced with a number of socio-economic problems leading them to sexual experimentation with an intention of getting money to cover their social needs that their parents find it difficult to meet them as required. However, the end result of such act is mostly pregnancy.In a related development based on the field data 54% of the teenagers strongly believed that one main common characteristic associated with teenage pregnancy is poverty. This revelation from the respondents was in line with a study carried out Furstenberg (2007) that factors such as poverty, single parent families, especially female headed families, poorly have been associated with teenage pregnancy. Bogue (2009) asserted that in most cases teenage mothers are seen engaging themselves in all kinds of petty trading of which they believe can make life out of that to sustain themselves and their babies.Most of them are seen competing in economic activities by the road side in most developing countries selling toffees, handkerchiefs and other viable economic products. Similarly, taking into consideration the field report, 53% of the teenagers who took part in this study noted that teenage mothers earn a living through menial jobs. Unanimously, 100% stated emphatically that familys social status can impact negatively on teenagers attitude towards early pregnancy. On the contrary Choe et. l, (2001) posited that is not always that the socio-economic condition of parents can lead teenagers into associated themselves into bad companies however, the truth of the matter is that there some teenagers who get all the necessary socio-economic support yet they believe in sexual experimentation which end result is often teenage pregnancy. 4. 2. 2 Peer pressure and teenage pregnancy On the contribution of peer pressure towards teenage pregnancy majority (73%) of the teenagers upon the field data said they were influenced by their influenced by their peers to engage in sex.Contributing to the responses from the teenagers, Peterson-Whyte and Zondi (2002) found that school mates exerted a lot of pressure on their peers to engage in sexual relations. Most teenagers often cite their peers as being strong influence on their behaviour. Mfono (2006) also supported the field argument explaining that peer pressure takes the form of exclusionary practices, for example sending sexual inexperienced teenagers away when having discussion concerning sexual matters. To Peterson-Whyte and Zondi (2002) most teenagers often cite their peers as being strong influence on their behaviour.Contrary to Peterson-Whyte and Zondi (2002) study on teenage and their friends 91% of the teenagers used in this study said based on what they have been through in the hands of friends they are no more comfortable with their peers. Analytically, the field study established that 71% of the teenagers said sexual experimentation led to their pregnancy. To add to this, Rozakis (2003) believed that many teens are pushed by their friends into doing something they are not ready for and really do not understand that peer pressure can be very and persuasive force for sexual relations during adolescent.Guggino and Ponzetti (2007) also argued that teenagers that do not engage in sex tend to have friends who cal also abstain. Those that are sexually active tend to have their friends who are also sexually active. The field data added that peer operates in diverse ways. Base on that score, greater part (55%) of the teenagers said peers do operate by sharing information. The ideas of the teenagers was in direct correspondence with Moore and Roseenthal (2003) findings that teenagers operate through sharing of information , which can serve as a guide in decision making about sex.They also added prevailing attitudes about sexuality as one other way that pe ers do carry out their actives. 4. 2. 3 Impact of mass media on teenagers The teenagers that took part in this study believed that the mass media play a leading on issues concerning teenagers. Accordingly 64% of the teenagers said the mass media can help teenagers overcome their plight through educative programmes. Supportively, Gupta and Leite (2009) were of the view that the mass media play an important role in promoting social attitudes about fertility and reproductive behaviours.It can be assumed that women are used to exposure of the mass media are likely to understand the risk of teenage motherhood and as a result they tend to delay their pregnancies. On the contrary, Moore and Rosenthal (2003) also explained that TV, films and other forms of media have removed a lot of the mystery surrounding sex by increasingly explicit portrayed of sex acts, which can provide model of sexual behaviour. The stereotypic portrayals often do not provide positive role models with hedonistic valu es rather than responsibility being promoted.For MacCabe (2005), the mdias message is that teenagers should be sexually experienced. However, 77% of the respondents disclosed that the effect of the mass media on teenagers is very bad. Adding to this, Devenish et al. , (2002) agreed that the media also portrays sex as fun and exciting. To Bezuidenhout (2004) sexuality arousing material, whether it is on film, in print or set to music, is freely available to teenagers and such information if often presented out of context of the prescribed sexual norms of society.Majority (55%) of the teenagers believed that doing away with obscene programmes is one major way the mass media can help overcome teenage pregnancy. Additionally, 45% of them explained that developing education oriented programme for teenagers is also one other way the mass media can contribute towards the crusade against teenage pregnancy. Correspondingly, Schultz (2004) in an empirical study, suggested that sex educators, social workers other helping professionals and parents should work together with the mass media to counteract distortions that affect adolescents sexual growth.Empirically it was realized with 64% responses from the field that one major role of parents in the fight against teenage pregnancy is by providing the needs of their children. This attests to the fact that the crusade against teenage pregnancy should be seen as a shared responsibility. Section D Effects Teenage Pregnancy The nurses used in this study mentioned low infant birth weight, high infant mortality, and high maternal mortality as some of the health complications associated with teenage pregnancy. Meanwhile, 40% been the majority percentage believed that in most cases teenage pregnancy can lead to low infant birth weight.In a medical literature Macleod (2009) also mentioned obstetric problems such high infant and maternal mortality, risks of clandestine abortions, delivery complications and low infant birth weights as some of the leading medical challenges associated with teenage pregnancy Inferring to the field data realistic percentage of the nurses (50%) of the nurses noted that one of the problems that teenage mothers go through is stigmatization. In line with the nurses view Hudson and Ineichen, (2001) posited that some young mothers do not get support from their families.They may be rejected by their families and blamed for introducing permanent crisis. Form health point of view 80% of the nurses said teenage babies have poor nutrition due to the unfortunate state of their mothers. Substantiating the argument made by the nurses, Boulting (2006) was of the view that poor socio-economic background of most teenage mothers correlate with most teenage babies not getting nutritious foods. In the end majority ( 60%) of the nurses used in this study said the most reliable way for teenagers to protect themselves against teenage pregnancy is through self-denial.CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDA TIONS 5. 1 This chapter takes a critical look at summary, conclusion and recommendations. They were all based on the findings of the study. 5. 2 Conclusion The study sought assesses the factors that influence teenage pregnancy and their effects in the Sunyani Municipality. There is growing opinions teenage pregnancy has adverse effects on the social lives of affected teenagers. Upon that score, the researcher realized the need to carry out this study. The sample size for the study was 120. Convenience sampling techniques was used to select the respondents for the study.Also, questioner was the instruments used for the study. 5. 2. 1 Socio-economic status of teenage mothers The outcome of this study helped to realize that the socio-economic status of teenage mothers is very poor. This showed clearly that teenage pregnancy per this study is mostly characterized with poverty. In view of that affected teenagers thrived to earn a living by engaging themselves menial jobs. In sum, this st udy made it known that socio-economic status of families can sometimes have negative effect on the lives of teenagers.In the situation of Sunyani Zongo community the study realized that most of the families are vulnerable and such has been a precipitating tool to their children engaging themselves in sexual related relationships in anticipation of getting moneys for their needs. 5. 2. 3 Peer pressure and teenage pregnancy As it has already been confirmed by most renowned teenage advocates, this study conclusively revealed that in most cases teenagers in their quest to experiment are influenced by their peers to engage in sex and through continue experimentation most of them become pregnant.Even though there are numerous practical ways in which teenagers operate, this study showed that the major operation tenet of teenagers is sharing of information. 5. 2. 4 Impact of mass media on teenagers It was established by the teenagers used in this study that the mass media has contributed ma ssively to the woes of most teenagers, particularly on the issue of pregnancy.This is due to the fact that in most cases some teenagers develop the idea of early sex from TV/radio programs, however the teenagers were of the view that the mass media can help overcome teenage pregnancy by eschewing obscene programs and also through the de