Introduction to Occupational Therapy

Introduction to Occupational TherapyPhysiology is the study of how the body fractures and living organisms work and physical and chemic factor responsible for the origin, progression and development of life. Physiology is a foundation for further studies in the health science. Occupational therapy is a health profession that helps patients improve their sickening system functions including motor, social, personal, academic and vocational pursuits. Occupational therapy is professional trained in the biological, physical, and medical and behavior science. Through physiology, occupational therapists aim insight into and be fitted to explain peripheral, the central and the autonomous sickish systems functions and structure. From loveing the normal state of nauseating system, occupational therapists sack report the dysfunctions and improve their loath about system. Occupational Therapist incorporates the study of nervous system as it relates to participation in daily life. Ther efore, occupational therapists ar able to convert basic physiology conceit to patient care. Occupational therapy used the knowledge of nervous system to treat conditions which related to nervous system such as manifold sclerosis, Parkinsons complaint, and intellectual palsy.Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated process in which an abnormal response of the immune system produces inflammation in the central nervous system which is brain, spinal corduroy and optic cases (National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2014). The damaged myelin where the protective membrane of nerve fibers is multiple sclerosis in various central nervous system (Lammert Zeeb, 2014). The T and B lymphatic cells and autoantibodies cause myelin damage, neuroinflammtion and neurodegeneration which make multiple sclerosis be a part of the group of autoimmune disease (Lammert Zeeb, 2014). The damaged myelin forms scar tissue (National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2014). Since the myelin is damaged, the nerve im pulses travelling to and from the brain and spinal cord are distorted and producing umpteen of symptoms (National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2014).Occupational therapist will offer strengthening and stretching exercise for the upper body to improve coordination (Wilson,n.d.). Normally, people who throw away multiple sclerosis have spasticity, especially lower body parts because the nerve impulse become smaller as going through the nerve (Wilson,n.d.). If they do not do stretching exercises regularly, their legs puke be stiffen (Wilson,n.d.). Strengthening exercises are improve weakened muscle in moving and walking (Wilson,n.d.). Parkinsons is a lacking of dopamine because some nerve cells in brain have died (Parkinsons UK, n.d.). Parkinsons is a progressive deteriorate in nervous system and their movement become slower (Parkinsons UK, n.d.). The main symptoms of Parkinsons are tremor, slowness of movement and rigidity which cause them involuntary shaking in their part of body, w alk slowly, take longer to do their activities of daily life, stiff muscles, pain and muscle cramps (Parkinsons UK, n.d.). Due to the message from brain to every part of body may not go through properly, it interrupts their activity of daily life such as bladder and gut problems, eye problems, falls and dizziness, fatigue, freezing, pain, queasy legs syndrome, skin and sweating problem, sleep problems, speech and communication problems and swallowing problem (Parkinsons UK, n.d.). People with Parkinsons john experience mental health such as anxiety, dementia, depression, hallucination and delusion and memory problems because they worry about living with the condition or because of possible changes in brain (Parkinsons UK, n.d.). There is no commission to improve the brain condition, so occupational therapists will help in finding easier shipway to do their activity of daily life by recommending some equipment and changes their legal residence safer (Parkinsons UK, n.d.). The d evelopment of glial scar after central nervous system injuries is prohibit axon regeneration (University of Cambride, n.d.). The major molecules in glial scar are chondroitin sulpahate proteogly atomic number 50s, semaphorins, ephrins and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (University of Cambride, n.d.). If the sulfated glycosaminoglycan, chondroitinase and proteoglycans are lost, this can promote axon regeneration in central nervous system (University of Cambride, n.d.). Axons that have high regenerative potential have large amount of ribosomes and other protein synthesis machinery in axon (University of Cambride, n.d.). However, central nervous system do not transport ribosomes which decrease the capability of nerve cells to regenerate (University of Cambride, n.d.). Besides that, axons in central nervous system need to have right integrin and surface integrin to interact with matrix glycoprotein in order to answer regeneration (University of Cambride, n.d.). However, various inhibitory molecules inactivate the Alpha9 intergrin and tenascin which allow them to regenerate (University of Cambride, n.d.). Cerebral palsy is a disorder that which caused by brain damage (Bachrach, 2012). This disorder can be occurred before or during a child birth or during the first 3 to 5 years child (Bachrach, 2012). There is no bring back for this disease, but treatments include physical and occupational therapy, speech therapy, drugs to control seizures, relax muscle spasms and alleviate pain to overcome developmental disabilities and learn new ways to adopt this disabilities (National Institute of Neurological rowdyism and Stroke, 2014). Their condition can be improved by doing surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities (National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, 2014). To smoother their activity of daily life, equipment like wheelchairs, walker and communication aids also help to improve their lives (National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, 2014). T here are three types of cerebral palsy which are spastic cerebral palsy, athetoid cerebral palsy and ataxic cerebral palsy (Bachrach, 2012). Spastic cerebral palsy can cause stiffness in muscle which cause them have walking difficulties (Bachrach, 2012). Athetoid cerebral palsy can lead to involuntary and uncontrolled movement. Ataxic cerebral palsy can cause them imbalance and depth perception (Bachrach, 2012). For them, they have difficult in doing activities of daily life such as bathing, dressing, feeding, mobility, grooming and bowel (Bachrach, 2012).For children, occupational therapists normally will focus on playing and learning to achieve the goals that settled by multiple disciplinary team. Occupational therapy can address social, psychological and environmental factors involved with the children. Occupational therapist address working on fine motor by grasping and releasing toys, playing puzzle, sort out the shape and number and others in order to exercise their hands mu scle for developing handwriting skills. Occupational therapy for cerebral palsy can meet their needs by addressing hand-eye coordination to improve play skills such as hitting a target, batting a ball, bowling, coping from whiteboard and others. Occupational therapist helps children with developmental learning delay in activity of daily life such as bathing, dressing, grooming, feeding and movement. Normally, these children are more impulsive, aggressive, behavior disorder and low federal agency due to their disorder. Occupational therapists also have to acquire them how to vent out their stress and manage their anger. Occupational therapists will recommend them to write down their timbre in dairy or participating in physical activity likes sport. Due to their weak muscle tone, muscle and motor skills, occupational therapists have to teach them to use specialized equipment such as wheelchair, splint and dressing devices. Normally, their eating utensils are modified to bigger and heavier handles than normal one in order they can feed themselves. Their cups with special handles and plates with higher lips to keep and drink from slipping off. The clients with physical limitation can operate computer with touch screen and voice acquaintance to make their works easier. Special computers have the capability to help them get along taks that would normally be impossible for them.As nerve cells do not have centrioles to perform cell division, once the nerve cells are damaged, it is hard to recover. Dealing with disease or disorder associated with nervous system, there is no cure or hundred percent to recover back to normal life. However, as a occupational therapist, they will try their best in finding easier way to perform their activity of daily life. Not only occupational therapists ask them to do some exercises or play, but occupational therapists also have to go their home to have an assessment to modify their home to make their life easier. Normally, for thos e who have disorder or disease, their parents or caregivers may experience some mental health, so the occupational therapists have to improve their family members to decrease assistances on other for help with self-care, increase physical mobility and give consultation to the family member. From the knowledge of nervous system, occupational therapists know how to treat them to improve their lives and prevent any accident which can make it worse.ReferencesBachrach, S. J. (2012). Cerebral Palsy. Retrieved from http//kidshealth.org/parent/medical/brain/cerebral_palsy.htmlLammert, E., Zeeb, M. (2014). Metabolism of Human Disease. Retrieved from http//books.google.com.my/books?hl=enlr=id=75_IAwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PA47dq= accession+of+multiple+sclerosis+ots=x4gUh7V244sig=DvW5sK0mKakeMR9sRSgPslIdRwUv=onepageq=introduction of multiple sclerosisf=falseNational Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke (2014).NINDS Cerebral Palsy Information Page. Retrieved from http//www.ninds.nih.gov/disord ers/cerebral_palsy/cerebral_palsy.htm University of Cambridge. (n.d.). gutter van Geest Centre for Brain Repair. Retrieved from http//www.brc.cam.ac.uk/principal-investigators/james-fawcett/axon-regeneration-in-the-central-nervous-system/National Multiple Sclerosis Society (2014). Definition of Multiple Sclerosis. Retrieved from http//www.nationalmssociety.org/What-is-MS/Definition-of-MSParkinsons UK (n.d.). Occupational Therapy and Parkinsons. Retrieved from http//www.parkinsons.org.uk/content/occupational-therapy-and-parkinsonsWilson,M. A. (n.d.). Multiple Sclerosis and Exercise. Retrieved from http//www.sitandbefit.org/multiple_sclerosis